{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2125082389","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1137/s0097539702409927","title":"Traveling with a Pez Dispenser (or, Routing Issues in MPLS)","display_name":"Traveling with a Pez Dispenser (or, Routing Issues in MPLS)","publication_year":2005,"publication_date":"2005-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2125082389","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1137/s0097539702409927","mag":"2125082389"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1137/s0097539702409927","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1137/s0097539702409927","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S153560523","display_name":"SIAM Journal on Computing","issn_l":"0097-5397","issn":["0097-5397","1095-7111"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320508","host_organization_name":"Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320508"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SIAM Journal on Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078381067","display_name":"Anupam Gupta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5579-3405"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anupam Gupta","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029407896","display_name":"Amit Kumar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3965-6627"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amit Kumar","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111717871","display_name":"Rajeev Rastogi","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rajeev Rastogi","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.8223,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":52,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.940512,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"34","issue":"2","first_page":"453","last_page":"474"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10374","display_name":"Advanced Graph Theory Research","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10374","display_name":"Advanced Graph Theory Research","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10847","display_name":"Advanced Optical Network Technologies","score":0.9962000250816345,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10829","display_name":"Interconnection Networks and Systems","score":0.9936000108718872,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiprotocol-label-switching","display_name":"Multiprotocol Label Switching","score":0.7881333231925964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/routing","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","score":0.648582398891449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5058788657188416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.44639620184898376}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129880937","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q677023","display_name":"Multiprotocol Label Switching","level":3,"score":0.7881333231925964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74172769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1446839","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","level":2,"score":0.648582398891449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5058788657188416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.44639620184898376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5119721","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220501","display_name":"Quality of service","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1137/s0097539702409927","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1137/s0097539702409927","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S153560523","display_name":"SIAM Journal on Computing","issn_l":"0097-5397","issn":["0097-5397","1095-7111"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320508","host_organization_name":"Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320508"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SIAM Journal on Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.cmu.edu:compsci-1856","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://repository.cmu.edu/compsci/860","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400668","display_name":"Research Showcase @ Carnegie Mellon University (Carnegie Mellon University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","host_organization_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Computer Science Department","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:doi:10.1184/r1/6611099","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal contribution"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17","score":0.4399999976158142,"display_name":"Partnerships for the goals"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1981853164","https://openalex.org/W2002041206","https://openalex.org/W2005580106","https://openalex.org/W2007575140","https://openalex.org/W2016050768","https://openalex.org/W2038643780","https://openalex.org/W2039498863","https://openalex.org/W2051311803","https://openalex.org/W2056665251","https://openalex.org/W2063048655","https://openalex.org/W2077824753","https://openalex.org/W2087083200","https://openalex.org/W2091569826","https://openalex.org/W2114585066","https://openalex.org/W2141011016","https://openalex.org/W2745281314","https://openalex.org/W4235717771"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2095882659","https://openalex.org/W1905245131","https://openalex.org/W1010410989","https://openalex.org/W2377663645","https://openalex.org/W2355996468","https://openalex.org/W2349172634","https://openalex.org/W2128902975","https://openalex.org/W1748044994","https://openalex.org/W3011562574","https://openalex.org/W2166243503"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"new":[1,141],"packet":[2,39,56,71,88,115],"routing":[3,157,232,248,261,285],"model":[4],"proposed":[5],"by":[6,292],"the":[7,38,61,64,80,87,99,102,105,110,114,126,130,144,148,159,204,214,247,251,307,318,321],"Internet":[8],"Engineering":[9],"Task":[10],"Force":[11],"is":[12,66,72,116,197,256],"MultiProtocol":[13],"Label":[14],"Switching,":[15],"or":[16,212],"MPLS":[17,58,229],"[B.":[18],"Davie":[19],"and":[20,25,43,108,136,179,185,231,234,259,278,340],"Y.":[21],"Rekhter,":[22],"MPLS:":[23],"Technology":[24],"Applications,":[26],"Morgan":[27],"Kaufmann":[28],"(Elsevier),":[29],"New":[30],"York,":[31],"2000].":[32],"Instead":[33],"of":[34,54,63,77,104,112,167,189,191,220,228,242,297,304,306,314,317,334,348],"each":[35,312],"router's":[36],"parsing":[37],"network":[40],"layer":[41],"header":[42,65,168],"doing":[44],"its":[45,218],"lookups":[46],"based":[47,118],"on":[48,120,250,287],"that":[49,60,121],"analysis":[50,62,169],"(as":[51],"in":[52,217,320],"much":[53,84],"conventional":[55,156],"routing),":[57],"ensures":[59],"performed":[67],"just":[68],"once.":[69],"The":[70],"then":[73,270],"assigned":[74],"a":[75,92,95,200,225,240,253,294,298,301],"stack":[76,107,131],"labels,":[78],"where":[79,113],"labels":[81,142],"are":[82,237,265,290],"usually":[83],"smaller":[85],"than":[86],"headers":[89],"themselves.":[90],"When":[91],"router":[93],"receives":[94],"packet,":[96],"it":[97,133],"examines":[98],"label":[100,106,128],"at":[101,170,199],"top":[103,127],"makes":[109],"decision":[111],"forwarded":[117],"solely":[119],"label.":[122],"It":[123],"can":[124,137,207],"pop":[125],"off":[129],"if":[132],"so":[134],"desires,":[135],"also":[138],"push":[139],"some":[140],"onto":[143,280],"stack,":[145],"before":[146],"forwarding":[147],"packet.":[149],"This":[150,222],"scheme":[151],"has":[152],"several":[153],"advantages":[154],"over":[155],"protocols,":[158,230],"two":[160],"primary":[161],"ones":[162],"being":[163],"(a)":[164],"reduced":[165],"amount":[166],"intermediate":[171],"routers,":[172],"which":[173,255,345],"allows":[174],"for":[175,239,274,311,337],"faster":[176],"switching":[177],"times,":[178],"(b)":[180],"better":[181],"traffic":[182],"engineering":[183],"capabilities":[184],"hence":[186],"easier":[187],"handling":[188],"quality":[190],"service":[192],"issues.":[193],"However,":[194],"essentially":[195],"nothing":[196],"known":[198],"theoretical":[201,226],"level":[202],"about":[203,213],"performance":[205],"one":[206,316],"achieve":[208],"with":[209,342],"this":[210],"protocol,":[211],"intrinsic":[215],"trade-offs":[216,264],"use":[219],"resources.":[221],"paper":[223],"initiates":[224],"study":[227,246],"algorithms":[233,286],"lower":[235],"bounds":[236],"given":[238],"variety":[241],"situations.":[243],"We":[244,269],"first":[245],"problem":[249],"line,":[252],"case":[254],"already":[257],"nontrivial,":[258],"give":[260],"protocols":[262],"whose":[263],"close":[266],"to":[267,276],"optimality.":[268],"extend":[271],"our":[272],"results":[273,330],"paths":[275],"trees,":[277],"thence":[279],"more":[281],"general":[282,288],"graphs.":[283],"These":[284],"graphs":[289,339,341],"obtained":[291],"finding":[293],"tree":[295,332],"cover":[296],"graph,":[299],"i.e.,":[300],"small":[302],"family":[303,322],"subtrees":[305],"graph":[308],"such":[309],"that,":[310],"pair":[313],"vertices,":[315],"trees":[319],"contains":[323],"an":[324],"(almost-)shortest":[325],"path":[326],"between":[327],"them.":[328],"Our":[329],"show":[331],"covers":[333],"logarithmic":[335],"size":[336],"planar":[338],"bounded":[343],"separators,":[344],"may":[346],"be":[347],"independent":[349],"interest.":[350]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-25T15:57:00.446498","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}