{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4379377543","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1137/21m1464427","title":"Modeling Immunity to Malaria with an Age-Structured PDE Framework","display_name":"Modeling Immunity to Malaria with an Age-Structured PDE Framework","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-06-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4379377543","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1137/21m1464427"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1137/21m1464427","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1137/21m1464427","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S77200987","display_name":"SIAM Journal on Applied Mathematics","issn_l":"0036-1399","issn":["0036-1399","1095-712X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320508","host_organization_name":"Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320508"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SIAM Journal on Applied Mathematics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://durham-repository.worktribe.com/file/2435805/1/Accepted%20Journal%20Article","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002037153","display_name":"Zhuolin Qu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8653-5975"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45438204","display_name":"The University of Texas at San Antonio","ror":"https://ror.org/01kd65564","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45438204"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zhuolin Qu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249 USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8653-5975","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249 USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45438204"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038523871","display_name":"Denis Patterson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4509-7294"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20089843","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Denis Patterson","raw_affiliation_strings":["High Meadows Environmental Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"High Meadows Environmental Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040213025","display_name":"Lauren M. Childs","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3904-3895"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","display_name":"Virginia Tech","ror":"https://ror.org/02smfhw86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lauren M. Childs","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3904-3895","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036952739","display_name":"Christina J. Edholm","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7922-7758"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16970960","display_name":"Scripps College","ror":"https://ror.org/00p55jd14","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16970960"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christina J. Edholm","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mathematics Department, Scripps College, Claremont, CA 91711 USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mathematics Department, Scripps College, Claremont, CA 91711 USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16970960"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063090934","display_name":"Joan Ponce","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5158-3272"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55732556","display_name":"Arizona State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03efmqc40","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joan Ponce","raw_affiliation_strings":["Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. Current address: School of Mathematical Sciences and Statistics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281 USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. Current address: School of Mathematical Sciences and Statistics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281 USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012558812","display_name":"Olivia Prosper","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8042-0616"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802706902","display_name":"Knoxville College","ror":"https://ror.org/02bxrp522","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802706902"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75027704","display_name":"University of Tennessee at Knoxville","ror":"https://ror.org/020f3ap87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75027704"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Olivia Prosper","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8042-0616","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802706902","https://openalex.org/I75027704"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106573144","display_name":"Lihong Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-7675-5706"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I156087764","display_name":"University of California, Merced","ror":"https://ror.org/00d9ah105","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I156087764"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lihong Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Applied Mathematics, University of California Merced, Merced, CA 95343 USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Applied Mathematics, University of California Merced, Merced, CA 95343 USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I156087764"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5002037153"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45438204"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.2564,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87419922,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"83","issue":"3","first_page":"1098","last_page":"1125"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10482","display_name":"Mathematical and Theoretical Epidemiology and Ecology Models","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10482","display_name":"Mathematical and Theoretical Epidemiology and Ecology Models","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10091","display_name":"Malaria Research and Control","score":0.9962999820709229,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11764","display_name":"Evolution and Genetic Dynamics","score":0.9926000237464905,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/malaria","display_name":"Malaria","score":0.8468632698059082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/basic-reproduction-number","display_name":"Basic reproduction number","score":0.7425703406333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/immunity","display_name":"Immunity","score":0.6616675853729248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epidemic-model","display_name":"Epidemic model","score":0.5406733155250549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmission","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","score":0.510637104511261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vaccination","display_name":"Vaccination","score":0.47200772166252136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/infectious-disease","display_name":"Infectious disease (medical specialty)","score":0.4592587351799011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disease","display_name":"Disease","score":0.4401973485946655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/immunology","display_name":"Immunology","score":0.3782942295074463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.346333384513855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/immune-system","display_name":"Immune system","score":0.27538907527923584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.20877444744110107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/population","display_name":"Population","score":0.1789878010749817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-health","display_name":"Environmental health","score":0.16322413086891174}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778048844","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12156","display_name":"Malaria","level":2,"score":0.8468632698059082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204264503","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901464","display_name":"Basic reproduction number","level":3,"score":0.7425703406333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779341262","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182581","display_name":"Immunity","level":3,"score":0.6616675853729248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1627819","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2572354","display_name":"Epidemic model","level":3,"score":0.5406733155250549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.510637104511261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22070199","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192995","display_name":"Vaccination","level":2,"score":0.47200772166252136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524204448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788926","display_name":"Infectious disease (medical specialty)","level":3,"score":0.4592587351799011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.4401973485946655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203014093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101929","display_name":"Immunology","level":1,"score":0.3782942295074463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.346333384513855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8891405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1059","display_name":"Immune system","level":2,"score":0.27538907527923584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.20877444744110107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.1789878010749817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.16322413086891174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1137/21m1464427","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1137/21m1464427","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S77200987","display_name":"SIAM Journal on Applied Mathematics","issn_l":"0036-1399","issn":["0036-1399","1095-712X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320508","host_organization_name":"Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320508"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SIAM Journal on Applied Mathematics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:durham-repository.worktribe.com:2435805","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://durham-repository.worktribe.com/output/2435805","pdf_url":"https://durham-repository.worktribe.com/file/2435805/1/Accepted%20Journal%20Article","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400188","display_name":"Durham Research Online (Durham University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I190082696","host_organization_name":"Durham University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I190082696"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"acceptedVersion"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:durham-repository.worktribe.com:2435805","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://durham-repository.worktribe.com/output/2435805","pdf_url":"https://durham-repository.worktribe.com/file/2435805/1/Accepted%20Journal%20Article","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400188","display_name":"Durham Research Online (Durham University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I190082696","host_organization_name":"Durham University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I190082696"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"acceptedVersion"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8600000143051147,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1243439379","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1641020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2535508913","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DMS-1951358","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5194223459","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DMS-1840265","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G558891856","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1916439","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G901189311","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1840265","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320308427","display_name":"American Mathematical Society","ror":"https://ror.org/05vy1kj95"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4379377543.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W207440351","https://openalex.org/W1483447478","https://openalex.org/W1519611344","https://openalex.org/W1584123949","https://openalex.org/W1756832347","https://openalex.org/W1969680775","https://openalex.org/W1973200069","https://openalex.org/W1996757718","https://openalex.org/W2001661083","https://openalex.org/W2010665245","https://openalex.org/W2026708814","https://openalex.org/W2029032310","https://openalex.org/W2041572706","https://openalex.org/W2049691052","https://openalex.org/W2050811145","https://openalex.org/W2053239897","https://openalex.org/W2064616560","https://openalex.org/W2069175765","https://openalex.org/W2080685799","https://openalex.org/W2083321256","https://openalex.org/W2088104821","https://openalex.org/W2102610172","https://openalex.org/W2105748597","https://openalex.org/W2108380884","https://openalex.org/W2108522763","https://openalex.org/W2113251371","https://openalex.org/W2124130955","https://openalex.org/W2128584537","https://openalex.org/W2153804025","https://openalex.org/W2157728968","https://openalex.org/W2157937240","https://openalex.org/W2164632233","https://openalex.org/W2168330471","https://openalex.org/W2169082384","https://openalex.org/W2174747180","https://openalex.org/W2338878209","https://openalex.org/W2567699202","https://openalex.org/W2625908634","https://openalex.org/W2760209102","https://openalex.org/W2897261190","https://openalex.org/W2911578766","https://openalex.org/W3029657022","https://openalex.org/W3039312836","https://openalex.org/W3081031010","https://openalex.org/W3093961515","https://openalex.org/W3191516882"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2291447000","https://openalex.org/W4320351350","https://openalex.org/W2230721379","https://openalex.org/W2376250553","https://openalex.org/W3138234900","https://openalex.org/W2356839139","https://openalex.org/W3113377908","https://openalex.org/W2397456551","https://openalex.org/W2032448025","https://openalex.org/W4293088316"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Malaria":[0],"is":[1],"one":[2],"of":[3,11,13,24,47,73,101,113,144,166,188],"the":[4,45,69,84,89,95,99,142,160,163,178,186],"deadliest":[5],"infectious":[6,121],"diseases":[7],"globally,":[8],"causing":[9],"hundreds":[10],"thousands":[12],"deaths":[14],"each":[15],"year.":[16],"It":[17],"disproportionately":[18],"affects":[19],"young":[20,199],"children,":[21],"with":[22,63],"two-thirds":[23],"fatalities":[25],"occurring":[26],"in":[27,44,154,162,195,205],"under-fives.":[28],"Individuals":[29],"acquire":[30],"protection":[31],"from":[32,135,216],"disease":[33,197],"through":[34],"repeated":[35],"exposure,":[36],"and":[37,71,78,123,132,148,169],"this":[38],"immunity":[39,64,75,167,215],"plays":[40],"a":[41,52,110,151,193,202],"crucial":[42],"role":[43],"dynamics":[46,62],"malaria":[48,56,207],"spread.":[49],"We":[50,87,126],"develop":[51],"novel":[53],"age-structured":[54],"PDE":[55],"model,":[57],"which":[58],"couples":[59],"vector-host":[60],"epidemiological":[61],"dynamics.":[65],"Our":[66,156],"model":[67,129],"tracks":[68],"acquisition":[70],"loss":[72],"anti-disease":[74],"during":[76],"transmission":[77,85],"its":[79],"corresponding":[80],"nonlinear":[81],"feedback":[82],"onto":[83],"parameters.":[86],"derive":[88],"basic":[90],"reproduction":[91],"number":[92],"($\\mathcal{R}_0$)":[93],"as":[94,109],"threshold":[96],"condition":[97],"for":[98],"stability":[100],"disease-free":[102],"equilibrium;":[103],"we":[104,149,183],"also":[105,184],"interpret":[106],"$\\mathcal{R}_0$":[107],"probabilistically":[108],"weighted":[111],"sum":[112],"cases":[114],"generated":[115],"by":[116,173,177],"infected":[117],"individuals":[118],"at":[119],"different":[120,124],"stages":[122],"ages.":[125],"parametrize":[127],"our":[128,190],"using":[130],"demographic":[131],"immunological":[133],"data":[134],"sub-Saharan":[136],"regions.":[137],"Numerical":[138],"bifurcation":[139,153],"analysis":[140],"demonstrates":[141],"existence":[143],"an":[145],"endemic":[146],"equilibrium,":[147],"observe":[150],"forward":[152],"$\\mathcal{R}_0$.":[155],"numerical":[157],"simulations":[158],"reproduce":[159],"heterogeneity":[161],"age":[164],"distributions":[165],"profiles":[168],"infection":[170],"status":[171],"created":[172],"frequent":[174],"exposure.":[175,218],"Motivated":[176],"recently":[179],"approved":[180],"RTS,S":[181],"vaccine,":[182],"study":[185],"impact":[187],"vaccination;":[189],"results":[191],"show":[192],"reduction":[194],"severe":[196,206],"among":[198,208],"children":[200,210],"but":[201],"small":[203],"increase":[204],"older":[209],"due":[211],"to":[212],"lower":[213],"acquired":[214],"delayed":[217]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}