{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2045792606","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1137/120884523","title":"A Practical Method to Estimate Information Content in the Context of 4D-Var Data Assimilation","display_name":"A Practical Method to Estimate Information Content in the Context of 4D-Var Data Assimilation","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2045792606","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1137/120884523","mag":"2045792606"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1137/120884523","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1137/120884523","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2911293512","display_name":"SIAM/ASA Journal on Uncertainty Quantification","issn_l":"2166-2525","issn":["2166-2525"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320508","host_organization_name":"Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320508"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SIAM/ASA Journal on Uncertainty Quantification","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067028423","display_name":"K. John Singh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4017-7081"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","display_name":"Virginia Tech","ror":"https://ror.org/02smfhw86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"K. Singh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Virginia Tech"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Virginia Tech","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008436217","display_name":"Adrian Sandu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5380-0103"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","display_name":"Virginia Tech","ror":"https://ror.org/02smfhw86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. Sandu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Virginia Tech"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Virginia Tech","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021356014","display_name":"Mohamed Jardak","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","display_name":"Virginia Tech","ror":"https://ror.org/02smfhw86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Jardak","raw_affiliation_strings":["Virginia Tech"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Virginia Tech","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052745301","display_name":"K. W. Bowman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8659-1117"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"K. W. Bowman","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008403886","display_name":"M. Lee","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5067028423"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.7919,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":24,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84226798,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"1","issue":"1","first_page":"106","last_page":"138"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10466","display_name":"Meteorological Phenomena and Simulations","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10466","display_name":"Meteorological Phenomena and Simulations","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11588","display_name":"Atmospheric and Environmental Gas Dynamics","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11371","display_name":"Wind and Air Flow Studies","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-assimilation","display_name":"Data assimilation","score":0.9204976558685303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.694880485534668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.48831912875175476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.47308212518692017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.43557536602020264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaussian","display_name":"Gaussian","score":0.4342883825302124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.3790912330150604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2544677257537842}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24552861","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2670177","display_name":"Data assimilation","level":2,"score":0.9204976558685303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.694880485534668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.48831912875175476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.47308212518692017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.43557536602020264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163716315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901177","display_name":"Gaussian","level":2,"score":0.4342883825302124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.3790912330150604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2544677257537842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1137/120884523","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1137/120884523","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2911293512","display_name":"SIAM/ASA Journal on Uncertainty Quantification","issn_l":"2166-2525","issn":["2166-2525"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320508","host_organization_name":"Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320508"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SIAM/ASA Journal on Uncertainty Quantification","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.7200000286102295,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":70,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1504260922","https://openalex.org/W1585773866","https://openalex.org/W1587348082","https://openalex.org/W1647323343","https://openalex.org/W1672771901","https://openalex.org/W1964857401","https://openalex.org/W1971621572","https://openalex.org/W1972028763","https://openalex.org/W1979421088","https://openalex.org/W1981220747","https://openalex.org/W1984910766","https://openalex.org/W1990643637","https://openalex.org/W1994958651","https://openalex.org/W1999086431","https://openalex.org/W2005126631","https://openalex.org/W2008583586","https://openalex.org/W2010328413","https://openalex.org/W2012736328","https://openalex.org/W2013810594","https://openalex.org/W2017865929","https://openalex.org/W2020876448","https://openalex.org/W2021908774","https://openalex.org/W2022509011","https://openalex.org/W2022977680","https://openalex.org/W2037500014","https://openalex.org/W2041406895","https://openalex.org/W2051085042","https://openalex.org/W2065286081","https://openalex.org/W2066558024","https://openalex.org/W2066743204","https://openalex.org/W2074537813","https://openalex.org/W2076163510","https://openalex.org/W2076482733","https://openalex.org/W2078031695","https://openalex.org/W2084840427","https://openalex.org/W2085540944","https://openalex.org/W2090416179","https://openalex.org/W2095663925","https://openalex.org/W2095939027","https://openalex.org/W2100121820","https://openalex.org/W2110099732","https://openalex.org/W2112419237","https://openalex.org/W2118099195","https://openalex.org/W2118829564","https://openalex.org/W2119174051","https://openalex.org/W2121744710","https://openalex.org/W2121884510","https://openalex.org/W2130158591","https://openalex.org/W2130684403","https://openalex.org/W2134134788","https://openalex.org/W2136484445","https://openalex.org/W2138017294","https://openalex.org/W2139197312","https://openalex.org/W2142127434","https://openalex.org/W2145411928","https://openalex.org/W2147455485","https://openalex.org/W2149737530","https://openalex.org/W2150026075","https://openalex.org/W2153923817","https://openalex.org/W2158261139","https://openalex.org/W2162543653","https://openalex.org/W2167523360","https://openalex.org/W2170838091","https://openalex.org/W2172151645","https://openalex.org/W2173296550","https://openalex.org/W2799797902","https://openalex.org/W2993383518","https://openalex.org/W3133102884","https://openalex.org/W3155932456","https://openalex.org/W4240958223"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2051487156","https://openalex.org/W2073681303","https://openalex.org/W2654527859","https://openalex.org/W1666666856","https://openalex.org/W2276167504","https://openalex.org/W3188177659","https://openalex.org/W2393565244","https://openalex.org/W2991924068","https://openalex.org/W3005324741","https://openalex.org/W583624554"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Data":[0],"assimilation":[1,31,55,81,208,211],"obtains":[2],"improved":[3],"estimates":[4],"of":[5,8,23,41,51,93,141,147,195,199,212,215],"the":[6,39,49,52,76,91,97,101,114,138,145,153,167,187,193,220,231,235],"state":[7,103],"a":[9,161,181,204,213],"physical":[10],"system":[11,102],"by":[12,219],"dynamically":[13,61],"combining":[14],"imperfect":[15],"model":[16],"results":[17],"with":[18,99,160],"sparse":[19],"and":[20,66,113,123,156],"noisy":[21],"observations":[22,27,94,143,201],"reality.":[24],"Not":[25],"all":[26],"used":[28,88,202],"in":[29,144,203,228],"data":[30,43,54,58,80,207,216,237],"are":[32,87],"equally":[33],"valuable.":[34],"The":[35,175,210],"ability":[36],"to":[37,89,95,130,136,191,230],"characterize":[38],"usefulness":[40],"different":[42,110],"points":[44,217],"is":[45,104,118,177,189],"important":[46,107],"for":[47,57,60,67,197],"analyzing":[48],"effectiveness":[50],"dynamic":[53],"system,":[56,163],"pruning,":[59],"configuring":[62],"existing":[63],"sensor":[64,70],"systems,":[65],"designing":[68],"future":[69],"networks.":[71],"This":[72,126],"paper":[73,151],"focuses":[74],"on":[75,170,180],"four-dimensional":[77],"variational":[78,115],"(4D-Var)":[79],"framework.":[82],"Metrics":[83],"from":[84],"information":[85,139,222],"theory":[86],"quantify":[90,192],"contribution":[92],"decreasing":[96],"uncertainty":[98],"which":[100],"known.":[105],"An":[106],"relationship":[108],"between":[109],"information-theoretic":[111],"metrics":[112],"cost":[116],"function/gradient":[117],"established":[119],"under":[120],"Gaussian,":[121],"linear,":[122],"time-independent":[124],"assumptions.":[125],"insight":[127],"allows":[128],"us":[129],"derive":[131],"an":[132,225],"ensemble-based":[133],"computational":[134],"procedure":[135],"estimate":[137],"content":[140,223],"various":[142],"context":[146],"4D-Var.":[148],"(A":[149],"short":[150],"summarizing":[152],"theoretical":[154],"results,":[155],"showing":[157],"numerical":[158],"experiments":[159],"linear":[162],"was":[164],"presented":[165],"at":[166],"International":[168],"Conference":[169],"Computational":[171],"Science":[172],"ICCS":[173],"2012.)":[174],"approach":[176],"first":[178],"illustrated":[179],"small":[182],"nonlinear":[183],"test":[184],"problem.":[185,209],"Next,":[186],"methodology":[188],"applied":[190],"degrees":[194],"freedom":[196],"signal":[198],"satellite":[200],"global":[205],"chemical":[206],"subset":[214],"characterized":[218],"highest":[221],"yields":[224],"analysis":[226],"comparable":[227],"quality":[229],"one":[232],"obtained":[233],"using":[234],"entire":[236],"set.":[238]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}