{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2056002932","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1137/0222069","title":"On the Existence of Pseudorandom Generators","display_name":"On the Existence of Pseudorandom Generators","publication_year":1993,"publication_date":"1993-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2056002932","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1137/0222069","mag":"2056002932"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1137/0222069","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1137/0222069","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S153560523","display_name":"SIAM Journal on Computing","issn_l":"0097-5397","issn":["0097-5397","1095-7111"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320508","host_organization_name":"Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320508"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SIAM Journal on Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013698877","display_name":"Oded Goldreich","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4329-135X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Oded Goldreich","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057824781","display_name":"Hugo Krawczyk","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3130-1888"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hugo Krawczyk","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079654174","display_name":"Michael Luby","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6239-8072"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Luby","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5013698877"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.1558,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":123,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91857191,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"6","first_page":"1163","last_page":"1175"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12002","display_name":"Computability, Logic, AI Algorithms","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12002","display_name":"Computability, Logic, AI Algorithms","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13720","display_name":"Benford\u2019s Law and Fraud Detection","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pseudorandom-number-generator","display_name":"Pseudorandom number generator","score":0.9456881880760193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pseudorandom-generator","display_name":"Pseudorandom generator","score":0.8519765138626099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pseudorandom-generator-theorem","display_name":"Pseudorandom generator theorem","score":0.7947571873664856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pseudorandom-function-family","display_name":"Pseudorandom function family","score":0.7874149084091187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pseudorandomness","display_name":"Pseudorandomness","score":0.7821593284606934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sequence","display_name":"Sequence (biology)","score":0.6620585918426514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.6311750411987305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-seed","display_name":"Random seed","score":0.6278854608535767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pseudorandom-permutation","display_name":"Pseudorandom permutation","score":0.5594437718391418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/string","display_name":"String (physics)","score":0.5025737285614014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pseudorandom-binary-sequence","display_name":"Pseudorandom binary sequence","score":0.501054048538208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/construct","display_name":"Construct (python library)","score":0.4888691306114197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discrete-mathematics","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","score":0.4555860161781311},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/combinatorics","display_name":"Combinatorics","score":0.45018988847732544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generator","display_name":"Generator (circuit theory)","score":0.4150424003601074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/function","display_name":"Function (biology)","score":0.414398193359375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-number-generation","display_name":"Random number generation","score":0.4117085337638855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.36767086386680603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.2601252794265747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arithmetic","display_name":"Arithmetic","score":0.2587929368019104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.23495787382125854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.08380532264709473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-number","display_name":"Binary number","score":0.059165507555007935}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140642157","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1623338","display_name":"Pseudorandom number generator","level":2,"score":0.9456881880760193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92913381","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7255474","display_name":"Pseudorandom generator","level":3,"score":0.8519765138626099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180233235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7255475","display_name":"Pseudorandom generator theorem","level":4,"score":0.7947571873664856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178774983","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q734896","display_name":"Pseudorandom function family","level":3,"score":0.7874149084091187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19086982","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2115856","display_name":"Pseudorandomness","level":3,"score":0.7821593284606934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778112365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3511065","display_name":"Sequence (biology)","level":2,"score":0.6620585918426514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.6311750411987305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26263659","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1886131","display_name":"Random seed","level":3,"score":0.6278854608535767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25818197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7255477","display_name":"Pseudorandom permutation","level":4,"score":0.5594437718391418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157486923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1376436","display_name":"String (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5025737285614014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128040838","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1810628","display_name":"Pseudorandom binary sequence","level":3,"score":0.501054048538208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780801425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164392","display_name":"Construct (python library)","level":2,"score":0.4888691306114197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118615104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121416","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","level":1,"score":0.4555860161781311},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.45018988847732544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780992000","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17016113","display_name":"Generator (circuit theory)","level":3,"score":0.4150424003601074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.414398193359375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201866948","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228206","display_name":"Random number generation","level":2,"score":0.4117085337638855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.36767086386680603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.2601252794265747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.2587929368019104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.23495787382125854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.08380532264709473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48372109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3913","display_name":"Binary number","level":2,"score":0.059165507555007935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37914503","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q156495","display_name":"Mathematical physics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106544461","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q543151","display_name":"Block cipher","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1137/0222069","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1137/0222069","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S153560523","display_name":"SIAM Journal on Computing","issn_l":"0097-5397","issn":["0097-5397","1095-7111"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320508","host_organization_name":"Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320508"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SIAM Journal on Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Zero hunger","score":0.5199999809265137,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1561311589","https://openalex.org/W1606480398","https://openalex.org/W2019038806","https://openalex.org/W2035693183","https://openalex.org/W2052207834","https://openalex.org/W2077300005","https://openalex.org/W2085759780","https://openalex.org/W2087115651","https://openalex.org/W2100061495","https://openalex.org/W2108104892","https://openalex.org/W2117362057","https://openalex.org/W2156186849","https://openalex.org/W2164284862","https://openalex.org/W2611398525","https://openalex.org/W3150645827","https://openalex.org/W4210300416","https://openalex.org/W4232836212"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2015880590","https://openalex.org/W1576065320","https://openalex.org/W2077300005","https://openalex.org/W2553569605","https://openalex.org/W2077146536","https://openalex.org/W1484296207","https://openalex.org/W1513039030","https://openalex.org/W2611398525","https://openalex.org/W2087400319","https://openalex.org/W2056002932"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Pseudorandom":[0],"generators":[1,93],"(suggested":[2],"and":[3,7,9],"developed":[4],"by":[5],"Blum":[6],"Micali":[8],"Yao)":[10],"are":[11],"efficient":[12],"deterministic":[13],"programs":[14],"that":[15,29],"expand":[16],"a":[17,23,74],"randomly":[18],"selected":[19],"k-bit":[20,75],"seed":[21],"into":[22],"much":[24],"longer":[25],"pseudorandom":[26,62,92],"bit":[27],"sequence":[28,39],"is":[30,47],"indistinguishable":[31],"in":[32,69],"polynomial":[33],"time":[34],"from":[35,94],"an":[36],"(equally":[37],"long)":[38],"of":[40,55,73,81,83],"unbiased":[41],"coin":[42],"tosses.":[43],"A":[44],"fundamental":[45],"question":[46],"to":[48,90],"find":[49],"simple":[50],"conditions,":[51],"as":[52],"the":[53,78],"existence":[54],"one-way":[56,97],"functions,":[57,68],"which":[58,70],"suffice":[59],"for":[60],"constructing":[61],"generators.":[63],"This":[64,86],"paper":[65,87],"considers":[66],"regular":[67,96],"every":[71],"image":[72],"string":[76],"has":[77],"same":[79],"number":[80],"preimages":[82],"length":[84],"k.":[85],"shows":[88],"how":[89],"construct":[91],"any":[95],"function.":[98]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":13}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T08:04:53.788161","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}