{"id":"https://openalex.org/W40385435","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1136/jamia.1999.0060393","title":"Ad Hoc Classification of Radiology Reports","display_name":"Ad Hoc Classification of Radiology Reports","publication_year":1999,"publication_date":"1999-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W40385435","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1136/jamia.1999.0060393","mag":"40385435","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10495099"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1136/jamia.1999.0060393","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/jamia.1999.0060393","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S129839026","display_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association","issn_l":"1067-5027","issn":["1067-5027","1527-974X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028045429","display_name":"David B. Aronow","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24603500","display_name":"University of Massachusetts Amherst","ror":"https://ror.org/0072zz521","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D. B. Aronow","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Intelligent Information Retrieval, University of Massachusetts, Amherst 01003, USA. david@aronow.com","Center for Intelligent Information Retrieval, University of Massachusetts, Amherst 01003, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Intelligent Information Retrieval, University of Massachusetts, Amherst 01003, USA. david@aronow.com","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Intelligent Information Retrieval, University of Massachusetts, Amherst 01003, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101400273","display_name":"Fangfang Fan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9815-6780"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24603500","display_name":"University of Massachusetts Amherst","ror":"https://ror.org/0072zz521","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"F. Fangfang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Affiliation of the authors: University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Affiliation of the authors: University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5105659698","display_name":"W. Bruce Croft","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2391-9629"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24603500","display_name":"University of Massachusetts Amherst","ror":"https://ror.org/0072zz521","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"W. B. Croft","raw_affiliation_strings":["Affiliation of the authors: University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Affiliation of the authors: University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"],"apc_list":{"value":3967,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3967},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.5792,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":77,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89520202,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":"5","first_page":"393","last_page":"411"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11550","display_name":"Text and Document Classification Technologies","score":0.15539999306201935,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11550","display_name":"Text and Document Classification Technologies","score":0.15539999306201935,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11894","display_name":"Radiology practices and education","score":0.12049999833106995,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11710","display_name":"Biomedical Text Mining and Ontologies","score":0.08969999849796295,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7710871696472168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.6185709238052368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5492404699325562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/negation","display_name":"Negation","score":0.5351150035858154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.460357129573822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.4141003489494324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conjunction","display_name":"Conjunction (astronomy)","score":0.41022366285324097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3638903498649597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3211686611175537}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7710871696472168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.6185709238052368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5492404699325562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2185349","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190558","display_name":"Negation","level":2,"score":0.5351150035858154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.460357129573822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.4141003489494324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59656382","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191536","display_name":"Conjunction (astronomy)","level":2,"score":0.41022366285324097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3638903498649597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3211686611175537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001499","descriptor_name":"Bayes Theorem","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001499","descriptor_name":"Bayes Theorem","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001499","descriptor_name":"Bayes Theorem","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005069","descriptor_name":"Evaluation Studies as Topic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005069","descriptor_name":"Evaluation Studies as Topic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005069","descriptor_name":"Evaluation Studies as Topic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008327","descriptor_name":"Mammography","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008327","descriptor_name":"Mammography","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008327","descriptor_name":"Mammography","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008499","descriptor_name":"Medical Records","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008499","descriptor_name":"Medical Records","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008499","descriptor_name":"Medical Records","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016247","descriptor_name":"Information Storage and Retrieval","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016247","descriptor_name":"Information Storage and Retrieval","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016247","descriptor_name":"Information Storage and Retrieval","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1136/jamia.1999.0060393","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/jamia.1999.0060393","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S129839026","display_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association","issn_l":"1067-5027","issn":["1067-5027","1527-974X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:10495099","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10495099","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association : JAMIA","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:202002","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://europepmc.org/pmc/articles/PMC61382","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:61382","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:61382","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/61382","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"J Am Med Inform Assoc","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:61382","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.75,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W36244633","https://openalex.org/W1468595648","https://openalex.org/W1515865104","https://openalex.org/W1523813553","https://openalex.org/W1530768247","https://openalex.org/W1541244245","https://openalex.org/W1555108314","https://openalex.org/W1562956148","https://openalex.org/W1566211632","https://openalex.org/W1605873790","https://openalex.org/W1814060816","https://openalex.org/W1853800330","https://openalex.org/W1965380368","https://openalex.org/W1970945111","https://openalex.org/W1989568037","https://openalex.org/W2009716188","https://openalex.org/W2019976352","https://openalex.org/W2039090491","https://openalex.org/W2048045485","https://openalex.org/W2060216474","https://openalex.org/W2071760193","https://openalex.org/W2078875869","https://openalex.org/W2085989833","https://openalex.org/W2092015529","https://openalex.org/W2119394710","https://openalex.org/W2135417100","https://openalex.org/W2141639820","https://openalex.org/W2159080219"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1573992054","https://openalex.org/W1599690842","https://openalex.org/W2753053412","https://openalex.org/W2665157442","https://openalex.org/W3108840034","https://openalex.org/W4388169484","https://openalex.org/W2363259562","https://openalex.org/W3036937347","https://openalex.org/W3149224203","https://openalex.org/W2128553432"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"OBJECTIVE:":[0],"The":[1,26,45,222],"task":[2],"of":[3,14,31,40,52,89,95,101,111,131,135,165,167,175,182,190,205,213,234,237],"ad":[4,37,223],"hoc":[5,38,224],"classification":[6,39,54,156,217,233],"is":[7,48,63,105,117,185,219,227],"to":[8,170,201],"automatically":[9],"place":[10],"a":[11,24,53,78,99,120,128,228],"large":[12,235],"number":[13,212],"text":[15,152],"documents":[16,69,194],"into":[17,72,138],"nonstandard":[18],"categories":[19],"that":[20,62],"are":[21,70,148,199],"determined":[22],"by":[23,107,162],"user.":[25],"authors":[27],"examine":[28],"the":[29,49,83,93,123,149,155,163,171,188,196,211,216,232,249,257],"use":[30,94],"statistical":[32],"information":[33],"retrieval":[34],"techniques":[35],"for":[36,231],"dictated":[41],"mammography":[42],"reports.":[43],"DESIGN:":[44],"authors'":[46],"approach":[47,230],"automated":[50,176],"generation":[51],"algorithm":[55],"based":[56],"on":[57],"positive":[58,140,243],"and":[59,86,97,109,133,141,192],"negative":[60,143,246,250],"evidence":[61,244,247,251],"extracted":[64],"from":[65,82,245],"relevance-judged":[66],"documents.":[67,239],"Test":[68],"sorted":[71],"three":[73],"conceptual":[74],"bins:":[75],"membership":[76],"in":[77,154,195,215,256],"user-defined":[79,84],"class,":[80,85],"exclusion":[81],"uncertain.":[87],"Documentation":[88],"absent":[90],"findings":[91],"through":[92],"negation":[96,206],"conjunction,":[98],"hallmark":[100],"interpretive":[102],"test":[103],"results,":[104],"managed":[106],"expansion":[108],"tokenization":[110],"these":[112],"phrases.":[113],"MEASUREMENTS:":[114],"Classifier":[115],"performance":[116,180,209],"evaluated":[118],"using":[119],"single":[121],"measure,":[122,125],"F":[124],"which":[126],"provides":[127],"weighted":[129],"combination":[130],"recall":[132],"precision":[134],"document":[136],"sorting":[137],"true":[139,142],"bins.":[144],"RESULTS:":[145],"Single":[146],"terms":[147,169,214],"most":[150],"effective":[151],"feature":[153],"profile,":[157],"with":[158],"some":[159],"improvement":[160],"provided":[161],"addition":[164],"pairs":[166],"unordered":[168],"profile.":[172],"Excessive":[173],"iterations":[174],"classifier":[177,225],"enhancement":[178],"degrade":[179],"because":[181],"overtraining.":[183],"Performance":[184],"best":[186],"when":[187,210,248],"proportions":[189],"relevant":[191],"irrelevant":[193],"training":[197],"collection":[198],"close":[200],"equal.":[202],"Special":[203],"handling":[204],"phrases":[207],"improves":[208],"profile":[218],"limited.":[220],"CONCLUSIONS:":[221],"system":[226],"promising":[229],"collections":[236],"medical":[238],"NegExpander":[240],"can":[241],"distinguish":[242],"plays":[252],"an":[253],"important":[254],"role":[255],"classification.":[258]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-01-13T01:12:25.745995","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}