{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1572407261","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1136/jamia.1996.96413132","title":"The Federal Role in the Health Information Infrastructure: A Debate of the Pros and Cons of Government Intervention","display_name":"The Federal Role in the Health Information Infrastructure: A Debate of the Pros and Cons of Government Intervention","publication_year":1996,"publication_date":"1996-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1572407261","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1136/jamia.1996.96413132","mag":"1572407261","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8816347"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1136/jamia.1996.96413132","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/jamia.1996.96413132","pdf_url":"https://academic.oup.com/jamia/article-pdf/3/4/249/2254460/3-4-249.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S129839026","display_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association","issn_l":"1067-5027","issn":["1067-5027","1527-974X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://academic.oup.com/jamia/article-pdf/3/4/249/2254460/3-4-249.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016223285","display_name":"Edward H. Shortliffe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5201-6176"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155419","display_name":"Center for Systems Biology","ror":"https://ror.org/05r3dyn47","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984","https://openalex.org/I4210087915","https://openalex.org/I4210155419","https://openalex.org/I48633490"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"E. H. Shortliffe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University School of Medicine, CA 94305, USA","KnowMed Systems, Berkeley, CA (DWS)","Harvard Medical School, Center for Clinical Computing, Boston, MA (HLB)","Affiliations of the authors: Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (EHS)","IBM Government Programs, Washington, DC (CGC)","University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA (DRM)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University School of Medicine, CA 94305, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"KnowMed Systems, Berkeley, CA (DWS)","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard Medical School, Center for Clinical Computing, Boston, MA (HLB)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210155419","https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Affiliations of the authors: Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (EHS)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Government Programs, Washington, DC (CGC)","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA (DRM)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109031971","display_name":"Howard L. Bleich","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155419","display_name":"Center for Systems Biology","ror":"https://ror.org/05r3dyn47","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984","https://openalex.org/I4210087915","https://openalex.org/I4210155419","https://openalex.org/I48633490"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"H. L. Bleich","raw_affiliation_strings":["Affiliations of the authors: Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (EHS); Harvard Medical School, Center for Clinical Computing, Boston, MA (HLB); IBM Government Programs, Washington, DC (CGC); University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA (DRM); and KnowMed Systems, Berkeley, CA (DWS)","University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA (DRM)","KnowMed Systems, Berkeley, CA (DWS)","Harvard Medical School, Center for Clinical Computing, Boston, MA (HLB)","Affiliations of the authors: Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (EHS)","IBM Government Programs, Washington, DC (CGC)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Affiliations of the authors: Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (EHS); Harvard Medical School, Center for Clinical Computing, Boston, MA (HLB); IBM Government Programs, Washington, DC (CGC); University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA (DRM); and KnowMed Systems, Berkeley, CA (DWS)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA (DRM)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"KnowMed Systems, Berkeley, CA (DWS)","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard Medical School, Center for Clinical Computing, Boston, MA (HLB)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210155419","https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Affiliations of the authors: Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (EHS)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Government Programs, Washington, DC (CGC)","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108363409","display_name":"C. G. Caine","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155419","display_name":"Center for Systems Biology","ror":"https://ror.org/05r3dyn47","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984","https://openalex.org/I4210087915","https://openalex.org/I4210155419","https://openalex.org/I48633490"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"C. G. Caine","raw_affiliation_strings":["Affiliations of the authors: Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (EHS); Harvard Medical School, Center for Clinical Computing, Boston, MA (HLB); IBM Government Programs, Washington, DC (CGC); University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA (DRM); and KnowMed Systems, Berkeley, CA (DWS)","KnowMed Systems, Berkeley, CA (DWS)","Harvard Medical School, Center for Clinical Computing, Boston, MA (HLB)","University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA (DRM)","Affiliations of the authors: Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (EHS)","IBM Government Programs, Washington, DC (CGC)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Affiliations of the authors: Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (EHS); Harvard Medical School, Center for Clinical Computing, Boston, MA (HLB); IBM Government Programs, Washington, DC (CGC); University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA (DRM); and KnowMed Systems, Berkeley, CA (DWS)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"KnowMed Systems, Berkeley, CA (DWS)","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard Medical School, Center for Clinical Computing, Boston, MA (HLB)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210155419","https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA (DRM)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Affiliations of the authors: Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (EHS)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Government Programs, Washington, DC (CGC)","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108542013","display_name":"Daniel R. Masys","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155419","display_name":"Center for Systems Biology","ror":"https://ror.org/05r3dyn47","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984","https://openalex.org/I4210087915","https://openalex.org/I4210155419","https://openalex.org/I48633490"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D. R. Masys","raw_affiliation_strings":["Affiliations of the authors: Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (EHS); Harvard Medical School, Center for Clinical Computing, Boston, MA (HLB); IBM Government Programs, Washington, DC (CGC); University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA (DRM); and KnowMed Systems, Berkeley, CA (DWS)","Harvard Medical School, Center for Clinical Computing, Boston, MA (HLB)","KnowMed Systems, Berkeley, CA (DWS)","Affiliations of the authors: Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (EHS)","IBM Government Programs, Washington, DC (CGC)","University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA (DRM)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Affiliations of the authors: Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (EHS); Harvard Medical School, Center for Clinical Computing, Boston, MA (HLB); IBM Government Programs, Washington, DC (CGC); University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA (DRM); and KnowMed Systems, Berkeley, CA (DWS)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard Medical School, Center for Clinical Computing, Boston, MA (HLB)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210155419","https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"KnowMed Systems, Berkeley, CA (DWS)","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Affiliations of the authors: Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (EHS)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Government Programs, Washington, DC (CGC)","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA (DRM)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028551449","display_name":"Donald W. Simborg","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155419","display_name":"Center for Systems Biology","ror":"https://ror.org/05r3dyn47","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984","https://openalex.org/I4210087915","https://openalex.org/I4210155419","https://openalex.org/I48633490"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D. W. Simborg","raw_affiliation_strings":["Affiliations of the authors: Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (EHS); Harvard Medical School, Center for Clinical Computing, Boston, MA (HLB); IBM Government Programs, Washington, DC (CGC); University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA (DRM); and KnowMed Systems, Berkeley, CA (DWS)","University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA (DRM)","KnowMed Systems, Berkeley, CA (DWS)","Affiliations of the authors: Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (EHS)","IBM Government Programs, Washington, DC (CGC)","Harvard Medical School, Center for Clinical Computing, Boston, MA (HLB)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Affiliations of the authors: Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (EHS); Harvard Medical School, Center for Clinical Computing, Boston, MA (HLB); IBM Government Programs, Washington, DC (CGC); University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA (DRM); and KnowMed Systems, Berkeley, CA (DWS)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA (DRM)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"KnowMed Systems, Berkeley, CA (DWS)","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Affiliations of the authors: Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (EHS)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Government Programs, Washington, DC (CGC)","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard Medical School, Center for Clinical Computing, Boston, MA (HLB)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210155419","https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5016223285"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984","https://openalex.org/I36258959","https://openalex.org/I4210155419","https://openalex.org/I97018004"],"apc_list":{"value":3967,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3967},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.4047,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.62610121,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"3","issue":"4","first_page":"249","last_page":"257"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11649","display_name":"Pharmaceutical industry and healthcare","score":0.9376000165939331,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3004","display_name":"Pharmacology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/30","display_name":"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11649","display_name":"Pharmaceutical industry and healthcare","score":0.9376000165939331,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3004","display_name":"Pharmacology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/30","display_name":"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10391","display_name":"Healthcare Policy and Management","score":0.9279000163078308,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/government","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","score":0.6928374767303467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.6298481822013855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intellectual-property","display_name":"Intellectual property","score":0.5298685431480408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-interventionism","display_name":"Economic interventionism","score":0.5249861478805542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-relations","display_name":"Public relations","score":0.5064243078231812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/private-sector","display_name":"Private sector","score":0.4880003035068512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-care","display_name":"Health care","score":0.4862555265426636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intervention","display_name":"Intervention (counseling)","score":0.4457802176475525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.18335402011871338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.18224239349365234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-growth","display_name":"Economic growth","score":0.16458529233932495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.1295987367630005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.08746457099914551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/politics","display_name":"Politics","score":0.08224448561668396}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.6928374767303467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.6298481822013855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34974158","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131257","display_name":"Intellectual property","level":2,"score":0.5298685431480408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172886114","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q597339","display_name":"Economic interventionism","level":3,"score":0.5249861478805542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.5064243078231812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121426985","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q591763","display_name":"Private sector","level":2,"score":0.4880003035068512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.4862555265426636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780665704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959298","display_name":"Intervention (counseling)","level":2,"score":0.4457802176475525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.18335402011871338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.18224239349365234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.16458529233932495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.1295987367630005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.08746457099914551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.08224448561668396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D003695","descriptor_name":"Delivery of Health Care","qualifier_ui":"Q000331","qualifier_name":"legislation & jurisprudence","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003695","descriptor_name":"Delivery of Health Care","qualifier_ui":"Q000331","qualifier_name":"legislation & jurisprudence","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003695","descriptor_name":"Delivery of Health Care","qualifier_ui":"Q000331","qualifier_name":"legislation & jurisprudence","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003695","descriptor_name":"Delivery of Health Care","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003695","descriptor_name":"Delivery of Health Care","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003695","descriptor_name":"Delivery of Health Care","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006076","descriptor_name":"Government","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006076","descriptor_name":"Government","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006076","descriptor_name":"Government","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007255","descriptor_name":"Information Services","qualifier_ui":"Q000331","qualifier_name":"legislation & jurisprudence","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007255","descriptor_name":"Information Services","qualifier_ui":"Q000331","qualifier_name":"legislation & jurisprudence","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007255","descriptor_name":"Information Services","qualifier_ui":"Q000331","qualifier_name":"legislation & jurisprudence","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007255","descriptor_name":"Information Services","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007255","descriptor_name":"Information Services","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007255","descriptor_name":"Information Services","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008490","descriptor_name":"Medical Informatics","qualifier_ui":"Q000331","qualifier_name":"legislation & jurisprudence","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008490","descriptor_name":"Medical Informatics","qualifier_ui":"Q000331","qualifier_name":"legislation & jurisprudence","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008490","descriptor_name":"Medical Informatics","qualifier_ui":"Q000331","qualifier_name":"legislation & jurisprudence","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008490","descriptor_name":"Medical Informatics","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008490","descriptor_name":"Medical Informatics","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008490","descriptor_name":"Medical Informatics","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014481","descriptor_name":"United States","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014481","descriptor_name":"United States","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014481","descriptor_name":"United States","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017149","descriptor_name":"Private Sector","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017149","descriptor_name":"Private Sector","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017149","descriptor_name":"Private Sector","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017150","descriptor_name":"Public Sector","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017150","descriptor_name":"Public Sector","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017150","descriptor_name":"Public Sector","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1136/jamia.1996.96413132","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/jamia.1996.96413132","pdf_url":"https://academic.oup.com/jamia/article-pdf/3/4/249/2254460/3-4-249.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S129839026","display_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association","issn_l":"1067-5027","issn":["1067-5027","1527-974X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:8816347","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8816347","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association : JAMIA","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:155285","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://europepmc.org/pmc/articles/PMC116307","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:155285","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/116307","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:116307","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.library.georgetown.edu:10822/895125","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10822/895125","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402467","display_name":"DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210145449","host_organization_name":"Center for Security and Emerging Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210145449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"eweb:165774","raw_type":""}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1136/jamia.1996.96413132","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/jamia.1996.96413132","pdf_url":"https://academic.oup.com/jamia/article-pdf/3/4/249/2254460/3-4-249.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S129839026","display_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association","issn_l":"1067-5027","issn":["1067-5027","1527-974X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4399999976158142,"display_name":"Partnerships for the goals","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1572407261.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1572407261.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1998011869","https://openalex.org/W4213209802","https://openalex.org/W4298146316","https://openalex.org/W2236267847","https://openalex.org/W631166945","https://openalex.org/W4282843169","https://openalex.org/W2391064200","https://openalex.org/W3176706560","https://openalex.org/W2359712550","https://openalex.org/W2129544232"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Some":[0],"observers":[1],"feel":[2],"that":[3,40,64,178],"the":[4,16,41,46,54,61,72,78,93,104,134,150,161,168],"federal":[5],"government":[6,88,147],"should":[7],"play":[8],"a":[9,24,172],"more":[10,25],"active":[11],"leadership":[12],"role":[13],"in":[14,20,175],"educating":[15],"medical":[17],"community":[18],"and":[19,22,27,51,59,101,112,130,132,167],"coordinating":[21],"encouraging":[23],"rapid":[26],"effective":[28,69],"implementation":[29],"of":[30,34,48,71,95,107,126,153,165],"clinically":[31],"relevant":[32],"applications":[33],"wide-area":[35],"networking.":[36],"Other":[37],"people":[38,113],"argue":[39],"private":[42,116],"sector":[43],"is":[44,179],"recognizing":[45],"importance":[47],"these":[49],"issues":[50],"will,":[52],"when":[53,140],"market":[55,159],"demands":[56],"it,":[57],"adopt":[58],"enhance":[60],"telecommunications":[62],"systems":[63],"are":[65],"needed":[66],"to":[67,110,118,137,170],"produce":[68],"uses":[70],"National":[73],"Information":[74],"Infrastructure":[75],"(NII)":[76],"by":[77,115],"healthcare":[79],"community.":[80],"This":[81],"debate":[82],"identifies":[83],"five":[84],"areas":[85],"for":[86,92,99,122],"possible":[87],"involvement:":[89],"convening":[90],"groups":[91],"development":[94],"standards;":[96],"providing":[97],"funding":[98],"research":[100],"development;":[102],"ensuring":[103],"equitable":[105],"distribution":[106],"resources,":[108],"particularly":[109,139],"places":[111],"considered":[114],"enterprise":[117],"provide":[119],"low":[120],"opportunities":[121],"profit;":[123],"protecting":[124],"rights":[125],"privacy,":[127],"intellectual":[128],"property,":[129],"security;":[131],"overcoming":[133],"jurisdictional":[135],"barriers":[136],"cooperation,":[138],"states":[141],"offer":[142],"conflicting":[143],"regulations.":[144],"Arguments":[145],"against":[146],"involvement":[148],"include":[149],"likely":[151],"emergence":[152],"an":[154,176],"adequate":[155],"infrastructure":[156,177],"under":[157],"free":[158],"forces,":[160],"often":[162],"stifling":[163],"effect":[164],"regulation,":[166],"need":[169],"avoid":[171],"common-and-control":[173],"mentality":[174],"best":[180],"promoted":[181],"collaboratively.":[182]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-16T07:32:37.131356","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}