{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2144245357","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1136/amiajnl-2013-001837","title":"Evaluating the impact of pre-annotation on annotation speed and potential bias: natural language processing gold standard development for clinical named entity recognition in clinical trial announcements","display_name":"Evaluating the impact of pre-annotation on annotation speed and potential bias: natural language processing gold standard development for clinical named entity recognition in clinical trial announcements","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-09-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2144245357","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1136/amiajnl-2013-001837","mag":"2144245357","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24001514"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1136/amiajnl-2013-001837","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/amiajnl-2013-001837","pdf_url":"https://academic.oup.com/jamia/article-pdf/21/3/406/9517677/21-3-406.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S129839026","display_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association","issn_l":"1067-5027","issn":["1067-5027","1527-974X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://academic.oup.com/jamia/article-pdf/21/3/406/9517677/21-3-406.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041194209","display_name":"Todd Lingren","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0311-7100"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1285204247","display_name":"Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/01hcyya48","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1285204247"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Todd Lingren","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA","Division of Biomedical Informatics; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center; Cincinnati Ohio USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1285204247"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Biomedical Informatics; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center; Cincinnati Ohio USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1285204247"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059209944","display_name":"Louise Del\u00e9ger","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1399-4828"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1285204247","display_name":"Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/01hcyya48","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1285204247"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Louise Deleger","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA","Division of Biomedical Informatics; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center; Cincinnati Ohio USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1285204247"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Biomedical Informatics; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center; Cincinnati Ohio USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1285204247"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011580787","display_name":"Katalin Moln\u00e1r","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1285204247","display_name":"Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/01hcyya48","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1285204247"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Katalin Molnar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA","Division of Biomedical Informatics; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center; Cincinnati Ohio USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1285204247"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Biomedical Informatics; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center; Cincinnati Ohio USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1285204247"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042869792","display_name":"Haijun Zhai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5499-9134"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1285204247","display_name":"Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/01hcyya48","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1285204247"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haijun Zhai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA","Division of Biomedical Informatics; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center; Cincinnati Ohio USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1285204247"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Biomedical Informatics; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center; Cincinnati Ohio USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1285204247"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063577754","display_name":"Jareen Meinzen\u2010Derr","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7765-6006"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1285204247","display_name":"Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/01hcyya48","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1285204247"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jareen Meinzen-Derr","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA","Division of Biomedical Informatics; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center; Cincinnati Ohio USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1285204247"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Biomedical Informatics; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center; Cincinnati Ohio USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1285204247"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045938403","display_name":"Megan Kaiser","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1285204247","display_name":"Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/01hcyya48","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1285204247"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Megan Kaiser","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA","Division of Biomedical Informatics; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center; Cincinnati Ohio USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1285204247"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Biomedical Informatics; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center; Cincinnati Ohio USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1285204247"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064321673","display_name":"Laura Stoutenborough","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1285204247","display_name":"Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/01hcyya48","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1285204247"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Laura Stoutenborough","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA","Division of Biomedical Informatics; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center; Cincinnati Ohio USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1285204247"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Biomedical Informatics; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center; Cincinnati Ohio USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1285204247"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100350261","display_name":"Qi Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0637-9448"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1285204247","display_name":"Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/01hcyya48","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1285204247"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qi Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA","Division of Biomedical Informatics; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center; Cincinnati Ohio USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1285204247"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Biomedical Informatics; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center; Cincinnati Ohio USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1285204247"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062373822","display_name":"Imre Solti","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1285204247","display_name":"Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/01hcyya48","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1285204247"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Imre Solti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA","Division of Biomedical Informatics; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center; Cincinnati Ohio USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1285204247"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Biomedical Informatics; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center; Cincinnati Ohio USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1285204247"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5062373822"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1285204247"],"apc_list":{"value":3967,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3967},"apc_paid":{"value":3967,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3967},"fwci":3.8902,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":88,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94358099,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"3","first_page":"406","last_page":"413"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11710","display_name":"Biomedical Text Mining and Ontologies","score":0.5824999809265137,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11710","display_name":"Biomedical Text Mining and Ontologies","score":0.5824999809265137,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10350","display_name":"Electronic Health Records Systems","score":0.14720000326633453,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3605","display_name":"Health Information Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.1177000030875206,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/annotation","display_name":"Annotation","score":0.9466246962547302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6574916243553162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.5793506503105164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/temporal-annotation","display_name":"Temporal annotation","score":0.5310483574867249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5235152840614319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clinical-trial","display_name":"Clinical trial","score":0.5051000714302063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gold-standard","display_name":"Gold standard (test)","score":0.45029494166374207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test","display_name":"Test (biology)","score":0.4437696635723114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/named-entity-recognition","display_name":"Named-entity recognition","score":0.42123326659202576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.37145185470581055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.3378959894180298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language","display_name":"Natural language","score":0.25129854679107666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.23710140585899353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-technology","display_name":"Language technology","score":0.08526647090911865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pathology","display_name":"Pathology","score":0.08155474066734314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.07428133487701416}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776321320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q857525","display_name":"Annotation","level":2,"score":0.9466246962547302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6574916243553162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.5793506503105164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7044111","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15844891","display_name":"Temporal annotation","level":5,"score":0.5310483574867249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5235152840614319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C535046627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30612","display_name":"Clinical trial","level":2,"score":0.5051000714302063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40993552","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q514654","display_name":"Gold standard (test)","level":2,"score":0.45029494166374207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4437696635723114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779135771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q403574","display_name":"Named-entity recognition","level":3,"score":0.42123326659202576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.37145185470581055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.3378959894180298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.25129854679107666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.23710140585899353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14919245","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1976109","display_name":"Language technology","level":4,"score":0.08526647090911865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.08155474066734314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.07428133487701416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129353971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5156949","display_name":"Comprehension approach","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000704","descriptor_name":"Analysis of Variance","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000704","descriptor_name":"Analysis of Variance","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000704","descriptor_name":"Analysis of Variance","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002986","descriptor_name":"Clinical Trials as Topic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D002986","descriptor_name":"Clinical Trials as Topic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D002986","descriptor_name":"Clinical Trials as Topic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009323","descriptor_name":"Natural Language Processing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009323","descriptor_name":"Natural Language Processing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009323","descriptor_name":"Natural Language Processing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013996","descriptor_name":"Time and Motion Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013996","descriptor_name":"Time and Motion Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013996","descriptor_name":"Time and Motion Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016247","descriptor_name":"Information Storage and Retrieval","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016247","descriptor_name":"Information Storage and Retrieval","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016247","descriptor_name":"Information Storage and Retrieval","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1136/amiajnl-2013-001837","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/amiajnl-2013-001837","pdf_url":"https://academic.oup.com/jamia/article-pdf/21/3/406/9517677/21-3-406.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S129839026","display_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association","issn_l":"1067-5027","issn":["1067-5027","1527-974X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:24001514","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24001514","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association : JAMIA","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:2972863","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3994857","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1136/amiajnl-2013-001837","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/amiajnl-2013-001837","pdf_url":"https://academic.oup.com/jamia/article-pdf/21/3/406/9517677/21-3-406.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S129839026","display_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association","issn_l":"1067-5027","issn":["1067-5027","1527-974X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7400000095367432,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309575","display_name":"Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/01hcyya48"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2144245357.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2144245357.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W7688137","https://openalex.org/W8550301","https://openalex.org/W79139011","https://openalex.org/W136468075","https://openalex.org/W162091261","https://openalex.org/W1504251463","https://openalex.org/W1550258693","https://openalex.org/W1632114991","https://openalex.org/W1809801995","https://openalex.org/W1869362176","https://openalex.org/W1981492645","https://openalex.org/W2028149440","https://openalex.org/W2074734816","https://openalex.org/W2081801689","https://openalex.org/W2101013878","https://openalex.org/W2102575587","https://openalex.org/W2108126316","https://openalex.org/W2120602122","https://openalex.org/W2134498732","https://openalex.org/W2137228101","https://openalex.org/W2141593186","https://openalex.org/W2148400971","https://openalex.org/W2153222072","https://openalex.org/W2167612686","https://openalex.org/W2169918010","https://openalex.org/W2528705463","https://openalex.org/W2568020214","https://openalex.org/W2739492589"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4377865234","https://openalex.org/W2080575979","https://openalex.org/W4385569300","https://openalex.org/W48671780","https://openalex.org/W1994489417","https://openalex.org/W2369337446","https://openalex.org/W2573587940","https://openalex.org/W2061851981","https://openalex.org/W3145920652","https://openalex.org/W2137228101"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"OBJECTIVE:":[0],"To":[1,36],"present":[2],"a":[3,170],"series":[4],"of":[5,12,17,20,179,181,190],"experiments:":[6],"(1)":[7],"to":[8,26,76,103,113,142,175],"evaluate":[9],"the":[10,15,38,46,78,82,133,136,145,157,162,177,187,198],"impact":[11],"pre-annotation":[13,32,158,168],"on":[14],"speed":[16],"manual":[18],"annotation":[19,83,180,199],"clinical":[21,42,182,191],"trial":[22,43,192],"announcements;":[23],"and":[24,52,67,85,90,93,123,172],"(2)":[25],"test":[27],"for":[28,55,121],"potential":[29,86],"bias,":[30],"if":[31],"is":[33,169],"utilized.":[34],"METHODS:":[35],"build":[37],"gold":[39],"standard,":[40],"1400":[41],"announcements":[44,193],"from":[45,101,111],"clinicaltrials.gov":[47],"website":[48],"were":[49,153],"randomly":[50],"selected":[51],"double":[53],"annotated":[54],"diagnoses,":[56],"signs,":[57],"symptoms,":[58],"Unified":[59],"Medical":[60],"Language":[61],"System":[62],"(UMLS)":[63],"Concept":[64],"Unique":[65],"Identifiers,":[66],"SNOMED":[68],"CT":[69],"codes.":[70],"We":[71,80],"used":[72],"two":[73],"dictionary-based":[74],"methods":[75],"pre-annotate":[77],"text.":[79,149],"evaluated":[81],"time":[84,141,151],"bias":[87,196],"through":[88],"F-measures":[89],"ANOVA":[91],"tests":[92],"implemented":[94],"Bonferroni":[95],"correction.":[96],"RESULTS:":[97],"Time":[98],"savings":[99,152],"ranged":[100,110],"13.85%":[102],"21.5%":[104],"per":[105],"entity.":[106],"Inter-annotator":[107],"agreement":[108],"(IAA)":[109],"93.4%":[112],"95.5%.":[114],"There":[115],"was":[116],"no":[117],"statistically":[118,154],"significant":[119],"difference":[120],"IAA":[122,163],"annotator":[124,134,146,165],"performance":[125],"in":[126,186,197],"pre-annotations.":[127],"CONCLUSIONS:":[128],"On":[129],"every":[130],"experiment":[131],"pair,":[132],"with":[135,147],"pre-annotated":[137],"text":[138],"needed":[139],"less":[140],"annotate":[143],"than":[144],"non-labeled":[148],"The":[150],"significant.":[155],"Moreover,":[156],"did":[159],"not":[160],"reduce":[161,176],"or":[164],"performance.":[166],"Dictionary-based":[167],"feasible":[171],"practical":[173],"method":[174],"cost":[178],"named":[183],"entity":[184],"recognition":[185],"eligibility":[188],"sections":[189],"without":[194],"introducing":[195],"process.":[200]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-06-16T07:32:37.131356","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
