{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2096252540","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1136/amiajnl-2011-000465","title":"Overcoming barriers to NLP for clinical text: the role of shared tasks and the need for additional creative solutions","display_name":"Overcoming barriers to NLP for clinical text: the role of shared tasks and the need for additional creative solutions","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-08-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2096252540","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1136/amiajnl-2011-000465","mag":"2096252540","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21846785"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1136/amiajnl-2011-000465","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/amiajnl-2011-000465","pdf_url":"https://academic.oup.com/jamia/article-pdf/18/5/540/5962475/18-5-540.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S129839026","display_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association","issn_l":"1067-5027","issn":["1067-5027","1527-974X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"letter","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://academic.oup.com/jamia/article-pdf/18/5/540/5962475/18-5-540.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065170642","display_name":"Wendy W. Chapman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8702-4483"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California, San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Wendy W Chapman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108276842","display_name":"Prakash M. Nadkarni","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32971472","display_name":"Yale University","ror":"https://ror.org/03v76x132","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Prakash M Nadkarni","raw_affiliation_strings":["Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068115280","display_name":"Lynette Hirschman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8442-0720"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44896327","display_name":"Mitre (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/03ks2a131","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I44896327"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lynette Hirschman","raw_affiliation_strings":["The MITRE Corporation, Bedford, Massachusetts, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The MITRE Corporation, Bedford, Massachusetts, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44896327"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039753625","display_name":"Leonard D\u02bcAvolio","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1283280774","display_name":"Brigham and Women's Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/04b6nzv94","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1283280774","https://openalex.org/I48633490"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leonard W D'Avolio","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Surgery and Public Health, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA","Harvard Medical School, Division of Aging, Boston, MA, USA","Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center (MAVERIC), Boston, MA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Surgery and Public Health, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1283280774"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard Medical School, Division of Aging, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center (MAVERIC), Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087865794","display_name":"Guergana Savova","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5887-200X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1288882113","display_name":"Boston Children's Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/00dvg7y05","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1288882113"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guergana K Savova","raw_affiliation_strings":["Children's Hospital Boston Informatics Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Children's Hospital Boston Informatics Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1288882113","https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070926324","display_name":"\u00d6zlem Uzuner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8011-9850"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I392282","display_name":"University at Albany, State University of New York","ror":"https://ror.org/012zs8222","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I392282"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ozlem Uzuner","raw_affiliation_strings":["University at Albany-SUNY, Albany, New York, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University at Albany-SUNY, Albany, New York, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I392282"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5065170642"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"],"apc_list":{"value":3967,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3967},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.3841,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":302,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98478969,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"5","first_page":"540","last_page":"543"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11710","display_name":"Biomedical Text Mining and Ontologies","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11710","display_name":"Biomedical Text Mining and Ontologies","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9962000250816345,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10350","display_name":"Electronic Health Records Systems","score":0.9713000059127808,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3605","display_name":"Health Information Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6253288388252258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.5705648064613342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5081202983856201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.48468759655952454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-extraction","display_name":"Information extraction","score":0.44221821427345276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.44059571623802185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/narrative","display_name":"Narrative","score":0.4405268430709839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-informatics","display_name":"Health informatics","score":0.410405695438385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.347122460603714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.18399161100387573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pathology","display_name":"Pathology","score":0.09700822830200195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-health","display_name":"Public health","score":0.08729490637779236}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6253288388252258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.5705648064613342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5081202983856201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.48468759655952454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195807954","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1662562","display_name":"Information extraction","level":2,"score":0.44221821427345276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.44059571623802185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199033989","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1318295","display_name":"Narrative","level":2,"score":0.4405268430709839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145642194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q870895","display_name":"Health informatics","level":3,"score":0.410405695438385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.347122460603714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.18399161100387573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.09700822830200195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138816342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189603","display_name":"Public health","level":2,"score":0.08729490637779236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009323","descriptor_name":"Natural Language Processing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009323","descriptor_name":"Natural Language Processing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009323","descriptor_name":"Natural Language Processing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D020000","descriptor_name":"Decision Support Systems, Clinical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D020000","descriptor_name":"Decision Support Systems, Clinical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D020000","descriptor_name":"Decision Support Systems, Clinical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D057225","descriptor_name":"Data Mining","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D057225","descriptor_name":"Data Mining","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D057225","descriptor_name":"Data Mining","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D057286","descriptor_name":"Electronic Health Records","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D057286","descriptor_name":"Electronic Health Records","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D057286","descriptor_name":"Electronic Health Records","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1136/amiajnl-2011-000465","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/amiajnl-2011-000465","pdf_url":"https://academic.oup.com/jamia/article-pdf/18/5/540/5962475/18-5-540.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S129839026","display_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association","issn_l":"1067-5027","issn":["1067-5027","1527-974X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:21846785","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21846785","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association : JAMIA","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:2434173","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3168329","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1136/amiajnl-2011-000465","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/amiajnl-2011-000465","pdf_url":"https://academic.oup.com/jamia/article-pdf/18/5/540/5962475/18-5-540.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S129839026","display_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association","issn_l":"1067-5027","issn":["1067-5027","1527-974X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.46000000834465027,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2096252540.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2096252540.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1602694398","https://openalex.org/W1870686808","https://openalex.org/W1975004953","https://openalex.org/W1976030965","https://openalex.org/W2042879203","https://openalex.org/W2068882115","https://openalex.org/W2073758233","https://openalex.org/W2109206523","https://openalex.org/W2114039834","https://openalex.org/W2132180308","https://openalex.org/W2132724073","https://openalex.org/W2133933062","https://openalex.org/W2135136011","https://openalex.org/W2146089916","https://openalex.org/W2156386646","https://openalex.org/W2160987310","https://openalex.org/W2168041406","https://openalex.org/W2169818249","https://openalex.org/W2415646068","https://openalex.org/W2482128004"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2348886128","https://openalex.org/W2388067091","https://openalex.org/W2367656648","https://openalex.org/W2350200549","https://openalex.org/W2362132076","https://openalex.org/W2965396777","https://openalex.org/W2389168924","https://openalex.org/W2067294484","https://openalex.org/W4280593102","https://openalex.org/W2170000670"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,55],"issue":[1],"of":[2,19,108,137,159,197,256,263,268,309,313],"JAMIA":[3],"focuses":[4],"on":[5,124],"natural":[6],"language":[7],"processing":[8],"(NLP)":[9],"techniques":[10],"for":[11,23,50,72,76,82,105,162,217,293],"clinical-text":[12],"information":[13,73,78,131],"extraction.":[14],"Several":[15],"articles":[16],"are":[17,92,178,243],"offshoots":[18],"the":[20,27,47,51,67,89,128,146,153,157,173,185,192,206,219,238,247,254],"yearly":[21],"\u2018Informatics":[22],"Integrating":[24],"Biology":[25],"and":[26,44,80,94,127,168,188,204,222,259,273,281],"Bedside\u2019":[28],"(i2b2)":[29],"(http://www.i2b2.org)":[30],"NLP":[31,143,160,175,182,235],"shared-task":[32],"challenge,":[33],"introduced":[34],"by":[35,46,112],"Uzuner":[36],"et":[37],"al":[38],"(":[39],"see":[40],"page":[41],"552":[42],")1":[43],"co-sponsored":[45],"Veteran's":[48],"Administration":[49],"last":[52],"2":[53,321],"years.":[54],"shared":[56,133,189,266],"task":[57,134],"follows":[58],"long-running":[59],"challenge":[60,104,123],"evaluations":[61],"in":[62,88,101,116,145,156,172,184,213,237,253],"other":[63],"fields,":[64],"such":[65],"as":[66],"Message":[68],"Understanding":[69],"Conference":[70],"(MUC)":[71],"extraction,2":[74],"TREC3":[75],"text":[77,164],"retrieval,":[79],"CASP4":[81],"protein":[83],"structure":[84],"prediction.":[85],"Shared":[86],"tasks":[87,190],"clinical":[90,138,147,163,186,239,248,291],"domain":[91,148],"recent":[93],"include":[95],"annual":[96],"i2b2":[97],"Challenges":[98],"that":[99],"began":[100],"2006,":[102],"a":[103,118,209],"multi-label":[106],"classification":[107],"radiology":[109],"reports":[110],"sponsored":[111],"Cincinnati":[113,120],"Children's":[114,121],"Hospital":[115,122],"2007,5":[117],"2011":[119,129],"suicide":[125],"notes,6":[126],"TREC":[130],"retrieval":[132,136],"involving":[135],"cases":[139],"from":[140,295],"narrative":[141],"records.7\n\nAlthough":[142],"research":[144],"has":[149,165],"been":[150,166,231,284],"active":[151,211],"since":[152],"1960s,":[154],"progress":[155,171],"development":[158,183,236],"applications":[161],"slow":[167],"lags":[169],"behind":[170],"general":[174,260],"domain.":[176,240],"There":[177],"several":[179],"barriers":[180,202,233,242],"to":[181,226,234,246,265,287,290,299],"domain,":[187],"like":[191],"i2b2/VA":[193],"Challenge":[194],"address":[195],"some":[196],"these":[198],"barriers.":[199],"Nevertheless,":[200],"many":[201],"remain":[203],"unless":[205],"community":[207],"takes":[208],"more":[210],"role":[212],"developing":[214],"novel":[215],"approaches":[216],"addressing":[218],"barriers,":[220],"advancement":[221],"innovation":[223],"will":[224],"continue":[225],"be":[227],"slow.\n\nHistorically,":[228],"there":[229],"have":[230,283],"substantial":[232],"These":[241],"not":[244],"unique":[245],"domain:":[249],"they":[250],"also":[251],"occur":[252],"fields":[255],"software":[257],"engineering":[258],"NLP.\n\n###":[261],"Lack":[262],"access":[264,289],"data\n\nBecause":[267],"concerns":[269],"regarding":[270],"patient":[271],"privacy":[272],"worry":[274],"about":[275],"revealing":[276],"unfavorable":[277],"institutional":[278],"practices,":[279],"hospitals":[280],"clinics":[282],"extremely":[285],"reluctant":[286],"allow":[288],"data":[292],"researchers":[294],"outside":[296],"\u2026":[297],"\n\nCorrespondence":[298],"Dr":[304],"Wendy":[305],"W":[306],"Chapman,":[307],"Department":[308],"Biomedical":[310],"Informatics,":[311],"University":[312],"California":[314],"San":[315],"Diego,":[316],"9500":[317],"Gilman":[318],"Dr,":[319],"Bldg":[320],"#0728,":[322],"La":[323],"Jolla,":[324],"California,":[325],"USA;":[326],"wwchapman{at}ucsd.edu":[327]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":30},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":18}],"updated_date":"2026-03-28T08:17:26.163206","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}