{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1516041857","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1136/amiajnl-2011-000208","title":"Facilitating pharmacogenetic studies using electronic health records and natural-language processing: a case study of warfarin","display_name":"Facilitating pharmacogenetic studies using electronic health records and natural-language processing: a case study of warfarin","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-06-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1516041857","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1136/amiajnl-2011-000208","mag":"1516041857","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21672908"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1136/amiajnl-2011-000208","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/amiajnl-2011-000208","pdf_url":"https://academic.oup.com/jamia/article-pdf/18/4/387/17373863/18-4-387.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S129839026","display_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association","issn_l":"1067-5027","issn":["1067-5027","1527-974X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://academic.oup.com/jamia/article-pdf/18/4/387/17373863/18-4-387.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084072550","display_name":"Hua Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5274-4672"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200719446","display_name":"Vanderbilt University","ror":"https://ror.org/02vm5rt34","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hua Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Informatics, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA. hua.xu@vanderbilt.edu","Department of Biomedical Informatics, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Informatics, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA. hua.xu@vanderbilt.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Informatics, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055848133","display_name":"Min Jiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1407-0961"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200719446","display_name":"Vanderbilt University","ror":"https://ror.org/02vm5rt34","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Min Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Informatics, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Informatics, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109855131","display_name":"Matt Oetjens","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200719446","display_name":"Vanderbilt University","ror":"https://ror.org/02vm5rt34","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105714","display_name":"Center for Human Genetics","ror":"https://ror.org/01gcrbc43","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210105714"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matt Oetjens","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Human Genetics Research, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Human Genetics Research, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200719446","https://openalex.org/I4210105714"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022434803","display_name":"Erica Bowton","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200719446","display_name":"Vanderbilt University","ror":"https://ror.org/02vm5rt34","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Erica A Bowton","raw_affiliation_strings":["Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051915513","display_name":"Andrea H. Ramirez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6460-0182"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200719446","display_name":"Vanderbilt University","ror":"https://ror.org/02vm5rt34","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrea H Ramirez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108685883","display_name":"Janina M. Jeff","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200719446","display_name":"Vanderbilt University","ror":"https://ror.org/02vm5rt34","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Janina M Jeff","raw_affiliation_strings":["Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061228305","display_name":"Melissa Basford","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0703-2422"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200719446","display_name":"Vanderbilt University","ror":"https://ror.org/02vm5rt34","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Melissa A Basford","raw_affiliation_strings":["Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086600638","display_name":"Jill M. Pulley","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0316-5540"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200719446","display_name":"Vanderbilt University","ror":"https://ror.org/02vm5rt34","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jill M Pulley","raw_affiliation_strings":["Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010029278","display_name":"James D. Cowan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200719446","display_name":"Vanderbilt University","ror":"https://ror.org/02vm5rt34","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"James D Cowan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100377916","display_name":"Xiaoming Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4559-7413"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200719446","display_name":"Vanderbilt University","ror":"https://ror.org/02vm5rt34","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoming Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081769614","display_name":"Marylyn D. Ritchie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1208-1720"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200719446","display_name":"Vanderbilt University","ror":"https://ror.org/02vm5rt34","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105714","display_name":"Center for Human Genetics","ror":"https://ror.org/01gcrbc43","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210105714"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marylyn D Ritchie","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Informatics, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA","Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Human Genetics Research, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Informatics, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Human Genetics Research, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200719446","https://openalex.org/I4210105714"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108542013","display_name":"Daniel R. Masys","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200719446","display_name":"Vanderbilt University","ror":"https://ror.org/02vm5rt34","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel R Masys","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Informatics, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Informatics, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058141203","display_name":"Dan M. Roden","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6302-0389"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200719446","display_name":"Vanderbilt University","ror":"https://ror.org/02vm5rt34","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dan M Roden","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA","Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039699723","display_name":"Dana C. Crawford","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6437-6248"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200719446","display_name":"Vanderbilt University","ror":"https://ror.org/02vm5rt34","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105714","display_name":"Center for Human Genetics","ror":"https://ror.org/01gcrbc43","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210105714"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dana C Crawford","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Human Genetics Research, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Human Genetics Research, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200719446","https://openalex.org/I4210105714"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070908224","display_name":"Joshua C. Denny","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3049-7332"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200719446","display_name":"Vanderbilt University","ror":"https://ror.org/02vm5rt34","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joshua C Denny","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA","Department of Biomedical Informatics, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Informatics, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5084072550"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"],"apc_list":{"value":3967,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3967},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":15.0017,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":85,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99032133,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"4","first_page":"387","last_page":"391"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10375","display_name":"Pharmacogenetics and Drug Metabolism","score":0.694599986076355,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3004","display_name":"Pharmacology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/30","display_name":"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10375","display_name":"Pharmacogenetics and Drug Metabolism","score":0.694599986076355,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3004","display_name":"Pharmacology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/30","display_name":"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11710","display_name":"Biomedical Text Mining and Ontologies","score":0.11969999969005585,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11642","display_name":"Genomics and Rare Diseases","score":0.06960000097751617,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/warfarin","display_name":"Warfarin","score":0.8862744569778442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vkorc1","display_name":"VKORC1","score":0.8580808639526367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cyp2c9","display_name":"CYP2C9","score":0.694614052772522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.6305803060531616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pharmacogenetics","display_name":"Pharmacogenetics","score":0.5093680620193481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3714282512664795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internal-medicine","display_name":"Internal medicine","score":0.2665063738822937}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776301958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q407431","display_name":"Warfarin","level":3,"score":0.8862744569778442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776318485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18045930","display_name":"VKORC1","level":5,"score":0.8580808639526367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3946865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5014962","display_name":"CYP2C9","level":4,"score":0.694614052772522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.6305803060531616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55775858","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1152227","display_name":"Pharmacogenetics","level":4,"score":0.5093680620193481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3714282512664795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.2665063738822937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135763542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q106016","display_name":"Genotype","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779161974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815819","display_name":"Atrial fibrillation","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C526171541","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q407693","display_name":"Cytochrome P450","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62231903","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1057","display_name":"Metabolism","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000925","descriptor_name":"Anticoagulants","qualifier_ui":"Q000008","qualifier_name":"administration & dosage","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000925","descriptor_name":"Anticoagulants","qualifier_ui":"Q000008","qualifier_name":"administration & dosage","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000925","descriptor_name":"Anticoagulants","qualifier_ui":"Q000008","qualifier_name":"administration & dosage","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001189","descriptor_name":"Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001189","descriptor_name":"Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001189","descriptor_name":"Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006899","descriptor_name":"Mixed Function Oxygenases","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006899","descriptor_name":"Mixed Function Oxygenases","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006899","descriptor_name":"Mixed Function Oxygenases","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009323","descriptor_name":"Natural Language Processing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009323","descriptor_name":"Natural Language Processing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009323","descriptor_name":"Natural Language Processing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010597","descriptor_name":"Pharmacogenetics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010597","descriptor_name":"Pharmacogenetics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010597","descriptor_name":"Pharmacogenetics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014481","descriptor_name":"United States","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014481","descriptor_name":"United States","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014481","descriptor_name":"United States","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014859","descriptor_name":"Warfarin","qualifier_ui":"Q000008","qualifier_name":"administration & dosage","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014859","descriptor_name":"Warfarin","qualifier_ui":"Q000008","qualifier_name":"administration & dosage","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014859","descriptor_name":"Warfarin","qualifier_ui":"Q000008","qualifier_name":"administration & dosage","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016014","descriptor_name":"Linear Models","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016014","descriptor_name":"Linear Models","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016014","descriptor_name":"Linear Models","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D030561","descriptor_name":"Databases, Nucleic Acid","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D030561","descriptor_name":"Databases, Nucleic Acid","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D030561","descriptor_name":"Databases, Nucleic Acid","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D054796","descriptor_name":"Drug Dosage Calculations","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D054796","descriptor_name":"Drug Dosage Calculations","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D054796","descriptor_name":"Drug Dosage Calculations","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D055106","descriptor_name":"Genome-Wide Association Study","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055106","descriptor_name":"Genome-Wide Association Study","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055106","descriptor_name":"Genome-Wide Association Study","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D057225","descriptor_name":"Data Mining","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D057225","descriptor_name":"Data Mining","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D057225","descriptor_name":"Data Mining","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D057285","descriptor_name":"Precision Medicine","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D057285","descriptor_name":"Precision Medicine","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D057285","descriptor_name":"Precision Medicine","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D057286","descriptor_name":"Electronic Health Records","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D057286","descriptor_name":"Electronic Health Records","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D057286","descriptor_name":"Electronic Health Records","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D064417","descriptor_name":"Vitamin K Epoxide Reductases","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D064417","descriptor_name":"Vitamin K Epoxide Reductases","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D064417","descriptor_name":"Vitamin K Epoxide Reductases","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D065729","descriptor_name":"Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C9","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D065729","descriptor_name":"Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C9","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D065729","descriptor_name":"Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C9","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1136/amiajnl-2011-000208","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/amiajnl-2011-000208","pdf_url":"https://academic.oup.com/jamia/article-pdf/18/4/387/17373863/18-4-387.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S129839026","display_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association","issn_l":"1067-5027","issn":["1067-5027","1527-974X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:21672908","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21672908","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association : JAMIA","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:2142318","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://europepmc.org/articles/PMC3128409","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:3128409","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3128409","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"J Am Med Inform Assoc","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1136/amiajnl-2011-000208","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/amiajnl-2011-000208","pdf_url":"https://academic.oup.com/jamia/article-pdf/18/4/387/17373863/18-4-387.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S129839026","display_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association","issn_l":"1067-5027","issn":["1067-5027","1527-974X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.6100000143051147}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2328519459","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RC2 GM092618","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337354","funder_display_name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2603054579","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"R01CA141307","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337351","funder_display_name":"National Cancer Institute"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4193739534","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"T32 GM080178","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337354","funder_display_name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7276012575","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RC2GM092618","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337354","funder_display_name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7783315419","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"R25 GM062459","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337354","funder_display_name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G938386287","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"R01 CA141307","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337351","funder_display_name":"National Cancer Institute"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337351","display_name":"National Cancer Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/040gcmg81"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337354","display_name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04q48ey07"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1515782956","https://openalex.org/W1972452854","https://openalex.org/W1984715426","https://openalex.org/W1985059672","https://openalex.org/W1991619620","https://openalex.org/W2006776184","https://openalex.org/W2011980051","https://openalex.org/W2032289591","https://openalex.org/W2033782699","https://openalex.org/W2043674997","https://openalex.org/W2053870274","https://openalex.org/W2062592339","https://openalex.org/W2064337796","https://openalex.org/W2095822339","https://openalex.org/W2107021160","https://openalex.org/W2107934484","https://openalex.org/W2114039834","https://openalex.org/W2121740558","https://openalex.org/W2125260686","https://openalex.org/W2128279348","https://openalex.org/W2141475634","https://openalex.org/W2142739583","https://openalex.org/W2151936813","https://openalex.org/W2157814042","https://openalex.org/W2158273172","https://openalex.org/W2159636537","https://openalex.org/W2161633633","https://openalex.org/W2167992389","https://openalex.org/W3024511078","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2729913079","https://openalex.org/W4287377228","https://openalex.org/W2147207746","https://openalex.org/W2398504558","https://openalex.org/W2014927292","https://openalex.org/W4307362133","https://openalex.org/W2749751793","https://openalex.org/W2025668168","https://openalex.org/W3016007536","https://openalex.org/W1548815298"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"OBJECTIVE:":[0],"DNA":[1],"biobanks":[2],"linked":[3],"to":[4,20,24,32,39,92],"comprehensive":[5],"electronic":[6],"health":[7],"records":[8],"systems":[9],"are":[10],"potentially":[11],"powerful":[12],"resources":[13],"for":[14,44,105,125,202],"pharmacogenetic":[15,45,54],"studies.":[16,46],"This":[17],"study":[18,55],"sought":[19],"develop":[21],"natural-language-processing":[22],"algorithms":[23,91],"extract":[25,93],"drug-dose":[26],"information":[27,121],"from":[28,97],"clinical":[29],"text,":[30],"and":[31,77,110,145,151,178,189,191,205,229,252,257],"assess":[33],"the":[34,41,78,157,215,233,240,244],"capabilities":[35],"of":[36,59,143,149,156,238],"such":[37],"tools":[38],"automate":[40],"data-extraction":[42],"process":[43],"MATERIALS":[47],"AND":[48],"METHODS:":[49],"A":[50],"manually":[51,171],"validated":[52],"warfarin":[53,65,95,144,192,221,249],"identified":[56],"a":[57,63,101,167],"cohort":[58],"1125":[60],"patients":[61,70,81],"with":[62,166,198,224],"stable":[64,140,193,250],"dose,":[66],"in":[67,187,255],"which":[68],"776":[69],"were":[71,82,181,196],"managed":[72,83],"by":[73,84,163],"Coumadin":[74,107],"Clinic":[75,108],"physicians,":[76],"remaining":[79],"349":[80],"their":[85],"providers.":[86],"The":[87,129,154,210],"authors":[88,130,241],"developed":[89],"two":[90],"weekly":[94,113,141,158,173,194,222,236],"doses":[96,223,237],"both":[98],"data":[99],"sets:":[100],"regular":[102],"expression-based":[103],"program":[104,160],"semistructured":[106],"notes;":[109],"an":[111,118,133,137],"advanced":[112],"dose":[114,142,195,251],"calculator":[115],"based":[116],"on":[117],"existing":[119],"medication":[120],"extraction":[122],"system":[123,217],"(MedEx)":[124],"narrative":[126],"providers'":[127],"notes.":[128],"then":[131],"conducted":[132],"association":[134],"analysis":[135],"between":[136,184,248],"automatically":[138,234],"extracted":[139,235],"four":[146],"genetic":[147,253],"variants":[148,186,254],"VKORC1":[150,188,256],"CYP2C9":[152,190],"genes.":[153],"performance":[155],"dose-extraction":[159],"was":[161],"evaluated":[162],"comparing":[164],"it":[165],"gold":[168],"standard":[169],"containing":[170],"curated":[172],"doses.":[174],"Precision,":[175],"recall,":[176,226],"F-measure,":[177],"overall":[179],"accuracy":[180],"reported.":[182],"Associations":[183],"known":[185,246],"performed":[197],"linear":[199],"regression":[200],"adjusted":[201],"age,":[203],"gender,":[204],"body":[206],"mass":[207],"index.":[208],"RESULTS:":[209],"authors'":[211],"evaluation":[212],"showed":[213],"that":[214],"MedEx-based":[216],"could":[218],"determine":[219],"patients'":[220],"99.7%":[225],"90.8%":[227],"precision,":[228],"93.8%":[230],"accuracy.":[231],"Using":[232],"warfarin,":[239],"successfully":[242],"replicated":[243],"previous":[245],"associations":[247],"CYP2C9.":[258]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-05-19T21:40:30.786675","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}