{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2107435951","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1136/amiajnl-2011-000163","title":"A study of machine-learning-based approaches to extract clinical entities and their assertions from discharge summaries","display_name":"A study of machine-learning-based approaches to extract clinical entities and their assertions from discharge summaries","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-04-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2107435951","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1136/amiajnl-2011-000163","mag":"2107435951","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21508414"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1136/amiajnl-2011-000163","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/amiajnl-2011-000163","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S129839026","display_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association","issn_l":"1067-5027","issn":["1067-5027","1527-974X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055848133","display_name":"Min Jiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1407-0961"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200719446","display_name":"Vanderbilt University","ror":"https://ror.org/02vm5rt34","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Min Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA","Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101672477","display_name":"Yukun Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3639-5847"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200719446","display_name":"Vanderbilt University","ror":"https://ror.org/02vm5rt34","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yukun Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100347934","display_name":"Mei Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0445-941X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200719446","display_name":"Vanderbilt University","ror":"https://ror.org/02vm5rt34","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mei Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067888399","display_name":"S. Trent Rosenbloom","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7455-2260"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200719446","display_name":"Vanderbilt University","ror":"https://ror.org/02vm5rt34","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S Trent Rosenbloom","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA","Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035264371","display_name":"Subramani Mani","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200719446","display_name":"Vanderbilt University","ror":"https://ror.org/02vm5rt34","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Subramani Mani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070908224","display_name":"Joshua C. Denny","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3049-7332"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200719446","display_name":"Vanderbilt University","ror":"https://ror.org/02vm5rt34","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joshua C Denny","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA","Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084072550","display_name":"Hua Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5274-4672"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200719446","display_name":"Vanderbilt University","ror":"https://ror.org/02vm5rt34","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hua Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5084072550"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"],"apc_list":{"value":4332,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4332},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":21.9913,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":303,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99424969,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"5","first_page":"601","last_page":"606"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.6313999891281128,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.6313999891281128,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11710","display_name":"Biomedical Text Mining and Ontologies","score":0.22010000050067902,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.04600000008940697,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/informatics","display_name":"Informatics","score":0.6947144269943237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6321164965629578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/veterans-affairs","display_name":"Veterans Affairs","score":0.6038017868995667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5250706076622009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.48957380652427673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-informatics","display_name":"Health informatics","score":0.46699774265289307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/center","display_name":"Center (category theory)","score":0.4196035861968994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural","display_name":"Natural (archaeology)","score":0.41362589597702026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3736070990562439},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.19693779945373535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.11321976780891418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nursing","display_name":"Nursing","score":0.0954616367816925}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191630685","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4027615","display_name":"Informatics","level":2,"score":0.6947144269943237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6321164965629578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775969662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7923600","display_name":"Veterans Affairs","level":2,"score":0.6038017868995667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5250706076622009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.48957380652427673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145642194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q870895","display_name":"Health informatics","level":3,"score":0.46699774265289307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779463800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5062222","display_name":"Center (category theory)","level":2,"score":0.4196035861968994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776608160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4785462","display_name":"Natural (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.41362589597702026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3736070990562439},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.19693779945373535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.11321976780891418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159110408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121176","display_name":"Nursing","level":1,"score":0.0954616367816925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138816342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189603","display_name":"Public health","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8010536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160398","display_name":"Crystallography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009323","descriptor_name":"Natural Language Processing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009323","descriptor_name":"Natural Language Processing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009323","descriptor_name":"Natural Language Processing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010351","descriptor_name":"Patient Discharge","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010351","descriptor_name":"Patient Discharge","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010351","descriptor_name":"Patient Discharge","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010363","descriptor_name":"Pattern Recognition, Automated","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010363","descriptor_name":"Pattern Recognition, Automated","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010363","descriptor_name":"Pattern Recognition, Automated","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012660","descriptor_name":"Semantics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012660","descriptor_name":"Semantics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012660","descriptor_name":"Semantics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018875","descriptor_name":"Vocabulary, Controlled","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018875","descriptor_name":"Vocabulary, Controlled","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018875","descriptor_name":"Vocabulary, Controlled","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D020000","descriptor_name":"Decision Support Systems, Clinical","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D020000","descriptor_name":"Decision Support Systems, Clinical","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D020000","descriptor_name":"Decision Support Systems, Clinical","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D057225","descriptor_name":"Data Mining","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D057225","descriptor_name":"Data Mining","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D057225","descriptor_name":"Data Mining","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D057286","descriptor_name":"Electronic Health Records","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D057286","descriptor_name":"Electronic Health Records","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D057286","descriptor_name":"Electronic Health Records","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1136/amiajnl-2011-000163","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/amiajnl-2011-000163","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S129839026","display_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association","issn_l":"1067-5027","issn":["1067-5027","1527-974X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:21508414","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21508414","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association : JAMIA","raw_type":"Comparative Study"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:2434159","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3168315","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.7200000286102295,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1612602199","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"T15 LM007450","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337372","funder_display_name":"U.S. National Library of Medicine"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1875582626","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U01HG004603","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337348","funder_display_name":"National Human Genome Research Institute"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3015377677","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"R01 LM008635","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337372","funder_display_name":"U.S. National Library of Medicine"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4729153738","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"R01LM010016","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337372","funder_display_name":"U.S. National Library of Medicine"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G621491206","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"3T15LM007450-08S1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337372","funder_display_name":"U.S. National Library of Medicine"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8268318227","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"LM010016","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337372","funder_display_name":"U.S. National Library of Medicine"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8922984149","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"LM008635","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337372","funder_display_name":"U.S. National Library of Medicine"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G938386287","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"R01 CA141307","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337351","funder_display_name":"National Cancer Institute"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309151","display_name":"Vanderbilt University","ror":"https://ror.org/02vm5rt34"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332530","display_name":"Medical Center, University of Pittsburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/04ehecz88"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337348","display_name":"National Human Genome Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/00baak391"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337351","display_name":"National Cancer Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/040gcmg81"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337372","display_name":"U.S. National Library of Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/0060t0j89"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W38597370","https://openalex.org/W108563459","https://openalex.org/W153173462","https://openalex.org/W207620065","https://openalex.org/W1425787433","https://openalex.org/W1493036841","https://openalex.org/W1504212872","https://openalex.org/W1529842856","https://openalex.org/W1564518192","https://openalex.org/W1602357614","https://openalex.org/W1602694398","https://openalex.org/W1604938182","https://openalex.org/W1834104634","https://openalex.org/W1965380368","https://openalex.org/W1988995507","https://openalex.org/W2008830554","https://openalex.org/W2039612385","https://openalex.org/W2040909025","https://openalex.org/W2051840895","https://openalex.org/W2061848042","https://openalex.org/W2070127972","https://openalex.org/W2103666183","https://openalex.org/W2105210173","https://openalex.org/W2112670696","https://openalex.org/W2114039834","https://openalex.org/W2114668172","https://openalex.org/W2118367849","https://openalex.org/W2118585731","https://openalex.org/W2121740558","https://openalex.org/W2122402213","https://openalex.org/W2127241285","https://openalex.org/W2127479124","https://openalex.org/W2139865360","https://openalex.org/W2141869602","https://openalex.org/W2142786899","https://openalex.org/W2146089916","https://openalex.org/W2147880316","https://openalex.org/W2151698208","https://openalex.org/W2156518033","https://openalex.org/W2159636537","https://openalex.org/W2162311237","https://openalex.org/W2162461580","https://openalex.org/W2288093748","https://openalex.org/W2604748391","https://openalex.org/W2912915691","https://openalex.org/W3122330358","https://openalex.org/W6677656871"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2397677514","https://openalex.org/W2914293784","https://openalex.org/W2407382301","https://openalex.org/W1495820741","https://openalex.org/W4323056170","https://openalex.org/W2126732312","https://openalex.org/W2401910071","https://openalex.org/W2189429352","https://openalex.org/W4302329558","https://openalex.org/W1971571384"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"OBJECTIVE:":[0],"The":[1,54,116,174,239],"authors'":[2,240],"goal":[3],"was":[4,35],"to":[5,11,122],"develop":[6],"and":[7,18,46,66,76,126,133,152,169,184,221,257],"evaluate":[8],"machine-learning-based":[9,58],"approaches":[10],"extracting":[12],"clinical":[13,64,100,182],"entities-including":[14],"medical":[15],"problems,":[16],"tests,":[17],"treatments,":[19],"as":[20,22,196],"well":[21],"their":[23],"asserted":[24],"status-from":[25],"hospital":[26],"discharge":[27],"summaries":[28],"written":[29],"using":[30,79,137,156],"natural":[31],"language.":[32],"This":[33],"project":[34],"part":[36],"of":[37,41,71,74,83,164,181,188,236,250],"the":[38,47,69,89,94,110,119,123,131,157,162,170,197,201,209,269,274,279],"2010":[39],"Center":[40,163],"Informatics":[42,165],"for":[43,63,166,177,252,259],"Integrating":[44,167],"Biology":[45,168],"Bedside/Veterans":[48],"Affairs":[49],"(VA)":[50],"natural-language-processing":[51,226],"challenge.":[52,202,280],"DESIGN:":[53],"authors":[55,95,117],"implemented":[56],"a":[57,80,97,138,246],"named":[59,112],"entity":[60,101,113,242],"recognition":[61,114],"system":[62,121,244],"text":[65],"systematically":[67],"evaluated":[68,134],"contributions":[70,232],"different":[72,234,267],"types":[73,180,187,235],"features":[75,237],"ML":[77],"algorithms,":[78],"training":[81,92,210],"corpus":[82],"349":[84],"annotated":[85,144,192],"notes.":[86,145],"Based":[87],"on":[88,208,273],"results":[90],"from":[91,224,233],"data,":[93],"developed":[96],"novel":[98],"hybrid":[99,120,241],"extraction":[102,125,243,254],"system,":[103],"which":[104],"integrated":[105],"heuristic":[106],"rule-based":[107],"modules":[108],"with":[109,142],"ML-base":[111],"module.":[115],"applied":[118],"concept":[124,253],"assertion":[127,260],"classification":[128,261],"tasks":[129],"in":[130,200,278],"challenge":[132,172],"its":[135],"performance":[136,176],"test":[139,275],"data":[140,276],"set":[141,211,277],"477":[143,191],"MEASUREMENTS:":[146],"Standard":[147],"measures":[148],"including":[149],"precision,":[150],"recall,":[151],"F-measure":[153],"were":[154,194],"calculated":[155],"evaluation":[158,207],"script":[159],"provided":[160],"by":[161],"Bedside/VA":[171],"organizers.":[173],"overall":[175,248],"all":[178,185],"three":[179,271],"entities":[183],"six":[186],"assertions":[189],"across":[190],"notes":[193],"considered":[195],"primary":[198],"metric":[199],"RESULTS":[203],"AND":[204],"DISCUSSION:":[205],"Systematic":[206],"showed":[212],"that":[213],"Conditional":[214],"Random":[215],"Fields":[216],"outperformed":[217],"Support":[218],"Vector":[219],"Machines,":[220],"semantic":[222],"information":[223],"existing":[225],"systems":[227],"largely":[228],"improved":[229],"performance,":[230],"although":[231],"varied.":[238],"achieved":[245],"maximum":[247],"F-score":[249],"0.8391":[251],"(ranked":[255,262],"second)":[256],"0.9313":[258],"fourth,":[263],"but":[264],"not":[265],"statistically":[266],"than":[268],"first":[270],"systems)":[272]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":32},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":11}],"updated_date":"2026-08-21T09:56:20.448147","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}