{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4200187841","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s0361768821060050","title":"A Survey of Programming Language Memory Models","display_name":"A Survey of Programming Language Memory Models","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4200187841","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s0361768821060050"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1134/s0361768821060050","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s0361768821060050","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S150218641","display_name":"Programming and Computer Software","issn_l":"0361-7688","issn":["0361-7688","1608-3261"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320267","host_organization_name":"Pleiades Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320267","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Pleiades Publishing","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Programming and Computer Software","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059478558","display_name":"Evgenii Moiseenko","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2715-1143"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172901346","display_name":"St Petersburg University","ror":"https://ror.org/023znxa73","country_code":"RU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172901346"]}],"countries":["RU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"E. Moiseenko","raw_affiliation_strings":["JetBrains Research, 197342, St. Petersburg, Russia","Saint Petersburg State University, 198504, St. Petersburg, Petergof, Russia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"JetBrains Research, 197342, St. Petersburg, Russia","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Saint Petersburg State University, 198504, St. Petersburg, Petergof, Russia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172901346"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082235493","display_name":"Anton Podkopaev","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118501908","display_name":"National Research University Higher School of Economics","ror":"https://ror.org/055f7t516","country_code":"RU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118501908"]}],"countries":["RU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"A. Podkopaev","raw_affiliation_strings":["HSE University, 194100, St. Petersburg, Russia","JetBrains Research, 197342, St. Petersburg, Russia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"HSE University, 194100, St. Petersburg, Russia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118501908"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"JetBrains Research, 197342, St. Petersburg, Russia","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023190963","display_name":"Dmitrij Koznov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2632-3193"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172901346","display_name":"St Petersburg University","ror":"https://ror.org/023znxa73","country_code":"RU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172901346"]}],"countries":["RU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D. Koznov","raw_affiliation_strings":["Saint Petersburg State University, 198504, St. Petersburg, Petergof, Russia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Saint Petersburg State University, 198504, St. Petersburg, Petergof, Russia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172901346"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5082235493"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118501908"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.7075,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.69507895,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"47","issue":"6","first_page":"439","last_page":"456"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10772","display_name":"Distributed systems and fault tolerance","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12808","display_name":"Ferroelectric and Negative Capacitance Devices","score":0.9962000250816345,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8387447595596313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/memory-model","display_name":"Memory model","score":0.7700921893119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compiler","display_name":"Compiler","score":0.7048795819282532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sequential-consistency","display_name":"Sequential consistency","score":0.6649233102798462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consistency","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","score":0.5796713829040527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consistency-model","display_name":"Consistency model","score":0.5705856084823608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.5203273296356201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-paradigm","display_name":"Programming paradigm","score":0.45845311880111694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shared-memory","display_name":"Shared memory","score":0.3482491374015808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.24410387873649597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.22854268550872803}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8387447595596313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12186640","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6815743","display_name":"Memory model","level":3,"score":0.7700921893119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169590947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47506","display_name":"Compiler","level":2,"score":0.7048795819282532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82029504","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4373882","display_name":"Sequential consistency","level":4,"score":0.6649233102798462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776436953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5163215","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","level":2,"score":0.5796713829040527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37279795","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2492305","display_name":"Consistency model","level":3,"score":0.5705856084823608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.5203273296356201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34165917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188267","display_name":"Programming paradigm","level":2,"score":0.45845311880111694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133875982","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q764810","display_name":"Shared memory","level":2,"score":0.3482491374015808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.24410387873649597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.22854268550872803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55439883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q360812","display_name":"Correctness","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1134/s0361768821060050","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s0361768821060050","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S150218641","display_name":"Programming and Computer Software","issn_l":"0361-7688","issn":["0361-7688","1608-3261"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320267","host_organization_name":"Pleiades Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320267","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Pleiades Publishing","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Programming and Computer Software","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":65,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W867008410","https://openalex.org/W1482397304","https://openalex.org/W1498264241","https://openalex.org/W1595974273","https://openalex.org/W1789713128","https://openalex.org/W1945229733","https://openalex.org/W1967564401","https://openalex.org/W2000659103","https://openalex.org/W2030159266","https://openalex.org/W2054391605","https://openalex.org/W2054739713","https://openalex.org/W2085773946","https://openalex.org/W2090532555","https://openalex.org/W2100399943","https://openalex.org/W2102890180","https://openalex.org/W2104439341","https://openalex.org/W2107699547","https://openalex.org/W2110879934","https://openalex.org/W2114067856","https://openalex.org/W2132117132","https://openalex.org/W2138074470","https://openalex.org/W2170389900","https://openalex.org/W2208855850","https://openalex.org/W2531502343","https://openalex.org/W2564852534","https://openalex.org/W2626631502","https://openalex.org/W2738891045","https://openalex.org/W2743924600","https://openalex.org/W2763865917","https://openalex.org/W2769194423","https://openalex.org/W2797152240","https://openalex.org/W2884767181","https://openalex.org/W2900112703","https://openalex.org/W2901414891","https://openalex.org/W2914127544","https://openalex.org/W2955306203","https://openalex.org/W2964237197","https://openalex.org/W2979749908","https://openalex.org/W2994905145","https://openalex.org/W2997323435","https://openalex.org/W3005008959","https://openalex.org/W3005302725","https://openalex.org/W3005498883","https://openalex.org/W3016534026","https://openalex.org/W3021404837","https://openalex.org/W3028520121","https://openalex.org/W3033965825","https://openalex.org/W3046730857","https://openalex.org/W3098619491","https://openalex.org/W3107330328","https://openalex.org/W3122287721","https://openalex.org/W3123143515","https://openalex.org/W3125539909","https://openalex.org/W3176924883","https://openalex.org/W3205860735","https://openalex.org/W4211236556","https://openalex.org/W4229558017","https://openalex.org/W4230015257","https://openalex.org/W4232684935","https://openalex.org/W4234406920","https://openalex.org/W4240322740","https://openalex.org/W4242922013","https://openalex.org/W4248180156","https://openalex.org/W4253740569","https://openalex.org/W4256623604"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2036306661","https://openalex.org/W1569741251","https://openalex.org/W4300963581","https://openalex.org/W4317827391","https://openalex.org/W2999610704","https://openalex.org/W1496676675","https://openalex.org/W2110339542","https://openalex.org/W2497938157","https://openalex.org/W1606518252","https://openalex.org/W2086167999"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"memory":[1,19,54,62,109,152,179,202],"model":[2,180],"defines":[3],"the":[4,77,198],"semantics":[5],"of":[6,41,60,82,107,177,186,200],"concurrent":[7],"programs":[8],"operating":[9],"on":[10,35,173],"a":[11,39,105,108,147,149,171,175,178,187],"shared":[12],"memory.":[13],"The":[14,80],"most":[15],"well-known":[16],"and":[17,43,76,88,101,132,162,166,189],"intuitive":[18],"model,":[20],"sequential":[21],"consistency,":[22],"is":[23,85,181],"too":[24],"strong":[25],"for":[26,64,99,194],"modern":[27,36],"languages":[28,66],"as":[29,38,92,94,146],"it":[30],"forbids":[31],"many":[32],"outcomes":[33],"observable":[34],"hardware":[37],"result":[40],"compiler":[42,102],"CPU":[44],"optimizations.":[45],"This":[46],"gave":[47],"rise":[48],"to":[49,74,86,95,142,158],"so-called":[50],"weak":[51,201],"or":[52],"relaxed":[53],"models.":[55,203],"In":[56],"recent":[57],"years":[58],"dozens":[59],"(weak)":[61],"models":[63,91,157],"programming":[65,150],"were":[67],"proposed":[68],"making":[69],"different":[70],"compromises":[71],"with":[72,124,170],"respect":[73],"programmability":[75],"optimization":[78],"potential.":[79],"goal":[81,114],"this":[83,113,140],"paper":[84],"survey":[87],"classify":[89],"these":[90,156],"well":[93],"provide":[96],"practical":[97],"recommendations":[98],"language":[100,151,188],"designers":[103],"regarding":[104],"choice":[106,176],"model.":[110,153],"To":[111],"achieve":[112],"we":[115,137],"picked":[116],"over":[117],"2000":[118],"research":[119],"items":[120],"from":[121],"Google":[122],"Scholar":[123],"keywords":[125],"\u201cRelaxed":[126],"Memory":[127,130,134],"Models,\u201d":[128,131],"\u201cWeak":[129,133],"Consistency.\u201d":[135],"Then,":[136],"narrowed":[138],"down":[139],"list":[141],"40":[143],"papers":[144],"having":[145],"contribution":[148],"We":[154,168],"divide":[155],"six":[159],"main":[160],"classes":[161],"analyze":[163],"their":[164],"properties":[165],"limitations.":[167],"conclude":[169],"discussion":[172],"how":[174],"affected":[182],"by":[183],"desired":[184],"features":[185],"suggest":[190],"several":[191],"possible":[192],"directions":[193],"future":[195],"researh":[196],"in":[197],"field":[199]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-02T13:48:15.688549","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
