{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3168917781","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s036176882103004x","title":"Noise Dependence on the Number of Rays in Bidirectional Stochastic Ray Tracing with Photon Maps","display_name":"Noise Dependence on the Number of Rays in Bidirectional Stochastic Ray Tracing with Photon Maps","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3168917781","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s036176882103004x","mag":"3168917781"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1134/s036176882103004x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s036176882103004x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S150218641","display_name":"Programming and Computer Software","issn_l":"0361-7688","issn":["0361-7688","1608-3261","3034-5847"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320267","host_organization_name":"Pleiades Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320267","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Pleiades Publishing","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Programming and Computer Software","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038884331","display_name":"Sergey Ershov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5493-1076"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86427540","display_name":"Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics","ror":"https://ror.org/01dv3hq14","country_code":"RU","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1313323035","https://openalex.org/I4210124601","https://openalex.org/I86427540"]}],"countries":["RU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"S. V. Ershov","raw_affiliation_strings":["Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 125047, Moscow, Russia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 125047, Moscow, Russia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86427540"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049666296","display_name":"Elisey Birukov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4297-6813"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86427540","display_name":"Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics","ror":"https://ror.org/01dv3hq14","country_code":"RU","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1313323035","https://openalex.org/I4210124601","https://openalex.org/I86427540"]}],"countries":["RU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"E. D. Birukov","raw_affiliation_strings":["Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 125047, Moscow, Russia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 125047, Moscow, Russia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86427540"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058998038","display_name":"Alexey Gennadievich Voloboy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1252-8294"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86427540","display_name":"Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics","ror":"https://ror.org/01dv3hq14","country_code":"RU","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1313323035","https://openalex.org/I4210124601","https://openalex.org/I86427540"]}],"countries":["RU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. G. Voloboy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 125047, Moscow, Russia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 125047, Moscow, Russia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86427540"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063992097","display_name":"\u0412. \u0410. \u0413\u0430\u043b\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6460-7539"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86427540","display_name":"Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics","ror":"https://ror.org/01dv3hq14","country_code":"RU","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1313323035","https://openalex.org/I4210124601","https://openalex.org/I86427540"]}],"countries":["RU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"V. A. Galaktionov","raw_affiliation_strings":["Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 125047, Moscow, Russia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 125047, Moscow, Russia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86427540"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5038884331"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86427540"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.311,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.48360158,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"47","issue":"3","first_page":"194","last_page":"200"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9925000071525574,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9925000071525574,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10481","display_name":"Computer Graphics and Visualization Techniques","score":0.9916999936103821,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1704","display_name":"Computer Graphics and Computer-Aided Design"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12983","display_name":"Satellite Image Processing and Photogrammetry","score":0.983299970626831,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ray-tracing","display_name":"Ray tracing (physics)","score":0.747613251209259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.5392888784408569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/monte-carlo-method","display_name":"Monte Carlo method","score":0.5348981618881226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-ray-tracing","display_name":"Distributed ray tracing","score":0.5257902145385742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/luminance","display_name":"Luminance","score":0.5068956017494202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ray","display_name":"Ray","score":0.4889031946659088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4862450659275055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.4753960072994232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aperture","display_name":"Aperture (computer memory)","score":0.4243418574333191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.4147636592388153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.40963980555534363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.3040871024131775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.29883256554603577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.28918468952178955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.2360980212688446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.2046717405319214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.09701156616210938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.07822579145431519}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121483023","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7298343","display_name":"Ray tracing (physics)","level":2,"score":0.747613251209259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.5392888784408569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19499675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232207","display_name":"Monte Carlo method","level":2,"score":0.5348981618881226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82744980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q951513","display_name":"Distributed ray tracing","level":3,"score":0.5257902145385742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73313986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355386","display_name":"Luminance","level":2,"score":0.5068956017494202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182610534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633620","display_name":"Ray","level":2,"score":0.4889031946659088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4862450659275055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.4753960072994232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78336883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4779385","display_name":"Aperture (computer memory)","level":2,"score":0.4243418574333191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.4147636592388153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.40963980555534363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.3040871024131775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.29883256554603577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.28918468952178955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.2360980212688446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2046717405319214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.09701156616210938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.07822579145431519}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1134/s036176882103004x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s036176882103004x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S150218641","display_name":"Programming and Computer Software","issn_l":"0361-7688","issn":["0361-7688","1608-3261","3034-5847"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320267","host_organization_name":"Pleiades Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320267","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Pleiades Publishing","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Programming and Computer Software","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1564611446","https://openalex.org/W1963578145","https://openalex.org/W1986743298","https://openalex.org/W2008693968","https://openalex.org/W2008870867","https://openalex.org/W2094199382","https://openalex.org/W2142380402","https://openalex.org/W2801210103","https://openalex.org/W2887828906","https://openalex.org/W2900162369","https://openalex.org/W2971037417","https://openalex.org/W3082782239","https://openalex.org/W3115173982","https://openalex.org/W4243655835"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2790684390","https://openalex.org/W3163067707","https://openalex.org/W2012819262","https://openalex.org/W2159421682","https://openalex.org/W3014571735","https://openalex.org/W2229316873","https://openalex.org/W1970204942","https://openalex.org/W2188324852","https://openalex.org/W2079471318","https://openalex.org/W2770523191"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"The":[1,74,119,212,229],"classical":[2],"Monte":[3],"Carlo":[4],"ray":[5,59,223],"tracing":[6,60,224],"is":[7,55,70,139,147,156,225,245],"a":[8,40,226,232,241],"powerful":[9],"technique":[10,50],"for":[11,85,133,199,235,251],"modeling":[12],"almost":[13],"all":[14,67],"effects":[15],"in":[16,25],"geometric":[17],"optics;":[18],"however,":[19],"it":[20,126],"can":[21,195,260],"be":[22,261],"prohibitively":[23],"slow":[24],"many":[26],"cases,":[27],"such":[28,93,243],"as":[29,94],"generation":[30],"of":[31,48,66,80,97,110,121,142,152,159,166,169,188,202,210,214,255,268,271],"images":[32],"seen":[33],"by":[34,163,222],"an":[35,252],"objective":[36],"or":[37],"camera":[38],"with":[39,61],"point":[41],"aperture.":[42],"For":[43],"this":[44,49],"reason,":[45],"numerous":[46],"modifications":[47],"are":[51,183],"used,":[52],"among":[53],"which":[54],"the":[56,71,78,81,95,101,106,108,114,122,130,134,140,143,150,153,157,164,167,172,177,180,186,197,207,219,249,258,265,269],"bidirectional":[57],"stochastic":[58,68],"photon":[62],"maps.":[63],"A":[64],"drawback":[65],"methods":[69],"undesirable":[72],"noise.":[73],"noise":[75,131,198,259],"level,":[76],"i.e.,":[77],"variance":[79,151,250],"pixel":[82,154],"luminance":[83,155],"calculated":[84],"one":[86,194],"iteration":[87],"step,":[88],"depends":[89],"on":[90,185,218],"various":[91],"parameters,":[92],"number":[96,168,187,201,254,270],"rays":[98,170,203],"traced":[99],"from":[100,105,176],"light":[102,173],"source":[103,174],"and":[104,175,204,238],"camera,":[107,178],"method":[109,234],"merging":[111],"their":[112,236],"trajectories,":[113],"integration":[115],"sphere":[116],"radius,":[117],"etc.":[118],"choice":[120,267],"optimal":[123,208,266],"parameters":[124],"makes":[125],"possible":[127],"to":[128,247,264],"minimize":[129],"level":[132],"given":[135,191],"computation":[136],"time.":[137],"This":[138],"topic":[141],"current":[144],"paper.":[145],"It":[146],"shown":[148],"that":[149,240],"sum":[158],"three":[160],"functions":[161,181,216],"scaled":[162],"reciprocal":[165],"tracedfrom":[171],"where":[179],"themselves":[182],"independent":[184],"rays.":[189,256,272],"Therefore,":[190,257],"these":[192,215],"functions,":[193],"predict":[196,248],"any":[200],"thus":[205],"find":[206],"set":[209],"parameters.":[211],"calculation":[213,244],"based":[217],"data":[220],"obtained":[221],"nontrivial":[227],"problem.":[228],"paper":[230],"proposes":[231],"practical":[233],"calculation,":[237],"demonstrates":[239],"single":[242],"able":[246],"arbitrary":[253],"minimized":[262],"due":[263]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-31T08:31:51.225901","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}