{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4417207603","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1126/scirobotics.adu8009","title":"Microscopic robots that sense, think, act, and compute","display_name":"Microscopic robots that sense, think, act, and compute","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4417207603","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1126/scirobotics.adu8009","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41370360"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1126/scirobotics.adu8009","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1126/scirobotics.adu8009","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210213233","display_name":"Science Robotics","issn_l":"2470-9476","issn":["2470-9476"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315823","host_organization_name":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315823"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Association for the Advancement of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Science Robotics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053720995","display_name":"Maya Lassiter","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-3585-2350"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Maya M. Lassiter","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-3585-2350","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100745071","display_name":"Jungho Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4162-3389"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jungho Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4162-3389","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5120744249","display_name":"Kyle Skelil","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-6340-6253"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kyle Skelil","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-6340-6253","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100699649","display_name":"Li Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5968-5751"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5968-5751","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Lucas Hanson","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lucas Hanson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015146025","display_name":"William H. Reinhardt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-3682-0809"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"William H. Reinhardt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-3682-0809","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000767141","display_name":"Dennis Sylvester","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2598-0458"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dennis Sylvester","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2598-0458","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061019213","display_name":"Mark Yim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0837-052X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mark Yim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0837-052X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026311377","display_name":"David Blaauw","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6744-7075"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Blaauw","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078521173","display_name":"Marc Z. Miskin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0905-8706"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Marc Z. Miskin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0905-8706","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":10,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5053720995","https://openalex.org/A5078521173","https://openalex.org/A5100745071"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315","https://openalex.org/I79576946"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.9438,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97238802,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"109","first_page":"eadu8009","last_page":"eadu8009"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11486","display_name":"Micro and Nano Robotics","score":0.9779999852180481,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3104","display_name":"Condensed Matter Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11486","display_name":"Micro and Nano Robotics","score":0.9779999852180481,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3104","display_name":"Condensed Matter Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12784","display_name":"Modular Robots and Swarm Intelligence","score":0.01140000019222498,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10868","display_name":"Soft Robotics and Applications","score":0.0010999999940395355,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robot","display_name":"Robot","score":0.6840000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robotics","display_name":"Robotics","score":0.6496999859809875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.524399995803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simple","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","score":0.4343999922275543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/massively-parallel","display_name":"Massively parallel","score":0.4065999984741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grippers","display_name":"Grippers","score":0.34220001101493835}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90509273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012","display_name":"Robot","level":2,"score":0.6840000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34413123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170978","display_name":"Robotics","level":3,"score":0.6496999859809875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6380000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5329999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.524399995803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7520643","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4343999922275543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190475519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q544384","display_name":"Massively parallel","level":2,"score":0.4065999984741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775960376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1435859","display_name":"Grippers","level":2,"score":0.34220001101493835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.3416999876499176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3140000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778562939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1298791","display_name":"Synchronization (alternating current)","level":3,"score":0.31029999256134033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.29739999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57528182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1271842","display_name":"Miniaturization","level":2,"score":0.2791000008583069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.2687000036239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169337768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2446723","display_name":"Swarm robotics","level":3,"score":0.2685000002384186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776303644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1020499","display_name":"Interfacing","level":2,"score":0.2653000056743622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133731056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288","display_name":"Control engineering","level":1,"score":0.2635999917984009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.2587999999523163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.251800000667572}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1126/scirobotics.adu8009","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1126/scirobotics.adu8009","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210213233","display_name":"Science Robotics","issn_l":"2470-9476","issn":["2470-9476"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315823","host_organization_name":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315823"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Association for the Advancement of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Science Robotics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:41370360","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41370360","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Science robotics","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3598039143","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NSF 2221576","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3786294370","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ARO YIP W911NF-17-S-0002","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338281","funder_display_name":"Army Research Office"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6827192867","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AFOSR FA9550-21-1-0313","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338279","funder_display_name":"Air Force Office of Scientific Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8468327144","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NNCI-2025608","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306079","display_name":"David and Lucile Packard Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/032atxq54"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306151","display_name":"Alfred P. Sloan Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/052csg198"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309370","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338279","display_name":"Air Force Office of Scientific Research","ror":"https://ror.org/011e9bt93"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338281","display_name":"Army Research Office","ror":"https://ror.org/05epdh915"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1489731227","https://openalex.org/W1951717626","https://openalex.org/W1966656109","https://openalex.org/W1988211538","https://openalex.org/W2009420488","https://openalex.org/W2052319034","https://openalex.org/W2064189791","https://openalex.org/W2087509188","https://openalex.org/W2091581444","https://openalex.org/W2111427475","https://openalex.org/W2122031342","https://openalex.org/W2124142740","https://openalex.org/W2137330513","https://openalex.org/W2141420470","https://openalex.org/W2163297099","https://openalex.org/W2169548137","https://openalex.org/W2279369962","https://openalex.org/W2367983033","https://openalex.org/W2524393489","https://openalex.org/W2543209405","https://openalex.org/W2594304245","https://openalex.org/W2594355207","https://openalex.org/W2885053285","https://openalex.org/W2898646670","https://openalex.org/W2900477640","https://openalex.org/W2903524854","https://openalex.org/W2907959731","https://openalex.org/W3004732055","https://openalex.org/W3081259278","https://openalex.org/W3109031471","https://openalex.org/W3126666717","https://openalex.org/W3138736456","https://openalex.org/W3144873095","https://openalex.org/W3157305514","https://openalex.org/W3172743862","https://openalex.org/W4205599754","https://openalex.org/W4211033363","https://openalex.org/W4220819896","https://openalex.org/W4221121717","https://openalex.org/W4283810094","https://openalex.org/W4286367833","https://openalex.org/W4296564599","https://openalex.org/W4391486275","https://openalex.org/W4391756859","https://openalex.org/W4392004632","https://openalex.org/W4412444668"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Although":[0],"miniaturization":[1],"has":[2],"been":[3],"a":[4,67,73,132],"goal":[5],"in":[6,70,94,111,131,145],"robotics":[7],"for":[8,52,85,122],"nearly":[9],"40":[10],"years,":[11],"roboticists":[12],"have":[13],"struggled":[14],"to":[15,22,72,113,139],"access":[16],"submillimeter":[17],"dimensions":[18],"without":[19,143],"making":[20],"sacrifices":[21],"onboard":[23,83],"information":[24],"processing":[25],"because":[26],"of":[27,31,65],"the":[28,32,38,63,120],"unique":[29],"physics":[30],"microscale.":[33],"Consequently,":[34],"microrobots":[35,101,124],"often":[36],"lack":[37],"key":[39],"features":[40],"that":[41,76,125],"distinguish":[42],"their":[43,114],"macroscopic":[44],"cousins":[45],"from":[46],"other":[47],"machines,":[48],"namely,":[49],"on-robot":[50],"systems":[51,84],"decision-making,":[53],"sensing,":[54,87],"feedback,":[55],"and":[56,80,90,107,135],"programmable":[57],"computation.":[58],"Here,":[59],"we":[60],"take":[61],"up":[62],"challenge":[64],"building":[66],"robot":[68],"comparable":[69],"size":[71],"single-celled":[74],"paramecium":[75],"can":[77,102,126,136],"sense,":[78],"think,":[79],"act":[81],"using":[82],"computation,":[86],"memory,":[88],"locomotion,":[89],"communication.":[91],"Built":[92],"massively":[93],"parallel":[95],"with":[96],"fully":[97],"lithographic":[98],"processing,":[99],"these":[100,117],"execute":[103],"digitally":[104],"defined":[105],"algorithms":[106],"autonomously":[108],"change":[109],"behavior":[110],"response":[112],"surroundings.":[115],"Combined,":[116],"results":[118],"pave":[119],"way":[121],"general-purpose":[123],"be":[127],"programmed":[128],"many":[129],"times":[130],"simple":[133],"setup":[134],"work":[137],"together":[138],"carry":[140],"out":[141],"tasks":[142],"supervision":[144],"uncertain":[146],"environments.":[147]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-12-10T00:00:00"}