{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4390938153","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1126/scirobotics.adi2746","title":"Ultralight, strong, and self-reprogrammable mechanical metamaterials","display_name":"Ultralight, strong, and self-reprogrammable mechanical metamaterials","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4390938153","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1126/scirobotics.adi2746","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38232146"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1126/scirobotics.adi2746","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1126/scirobotics.adi2746","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210213233","display_name":"Science Robotics","issn_l":"2470-9476","issn":["2470-9476"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315823","host_organization_name":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315823"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Association for the Advancement of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Science Robotics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010828710","display_name":"Christine Gregg","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8158-2900"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1280536761","display_name":"Ames Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/02acart68","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1280536761","https://openalex.org/I4210124779"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Christine E. Gregg","raw_affiliation_strings":["NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1280536761"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021658515","display_name":"Damiana Catanoso","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153156064","display_name":"KBR (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01g1xae87","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153156064"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Damiana Catanoso","raw_affiliation_strings":["KBR, Moffett Field, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"KBR, Moffett Field, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153156064"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074437045","display_name":"Olivia Formoso","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1280536761","display_name":"Ames Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/02acart68","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1280536761","https://openalex.org/I4210124779"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Olivia Irene B. Formoso","raw_affiliation_strings":["NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1280536761"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040775926","display_name":"Irina Kostitsyna","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0544-2257"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153156064","display_name":"KBR (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01g1xae87","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153156064"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Irina Kostitsyna","raw_affiliation_strings":["KBR, Moffett Field, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"KBR, Moffett Field, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153156064"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006818563","display_name":"Megan Ochalek","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6009-684X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1280536761","display_name":"Ames Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/02acart68","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1280536761","https://openalex.org/I4210124779"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Megan E. Ochalek","raw_affiliation_strings":["NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1280536761"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048467399","display_name":"Taiwo Olatunde","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8183-2420"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153156064","display_name":"KBR (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01g1xae87","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153156064"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Taiwo J. Olatunde","raw_affiliation_strings":["KBR, Moffett Field, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"KBR, Moffett Field, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153156064"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068145346","display_name":"In Won Park","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153156064","display_name":"KBR (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01g1xae87","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153156064"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"In Won Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["KBR, Moffett Field, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"KBR, Moffett Field, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153156064"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102971915","display_name":"Frank Sebastianelli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-2059-1688"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153156064","display_name":"KBR (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01g1xae87","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153156064"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Frank M. Sebastianelli","raw_affiliation_strings":["KBR, Moffett Field, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"KBR, Moffett Field, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153156064"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033085631","display_name":"Elizabeth M. Taylor","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-2642-6175"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1280536761","display_name":"Ames Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/02acart68","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1280536761","https://openalex.org/I4210124779"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elizabeth M. Taylor","raw_affiliation_strings":["NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1280536761"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030186783","display_name":"Greenfield Trinh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-4469-7893"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1280536761","display_name":"Ames Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/02acart68","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1280536761","https://openalex.org/I4210124779"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Greenfield T. Trinh","raw_affiliation_strings":["NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1280536761"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033243610","display_name":"Kenneth Cheung","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2387-8011"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1280536761","display_name":"Ames Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/02acart68","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1280536761","https://openalex.org/I4210124779"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kenneth C. Cheung","raw_affiliation_strings":["NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1280536761"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":11,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5010828710","https://openalex.org/A5033243610"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1280536761"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":15.9517,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":75,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99740659,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"86","first_page":"eadi2746","last_page":"eadi2746"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12784","display_name":"Modular Robots and Swarm Intelligence","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12784","display_name":"Modular Robots and Swarm Intelligence","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11737","display_name":"Advanced Materials and Mechanics","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10338","display_name":"Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting Materials","score":0.9905999898910522,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metamaterial","display_name":"Metamaterial","score":0.7931702733039856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-reconfiguration","display_name":"Control reconfiguration","score":0.7047420740127563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/truss","display_name":"Truss","score":0.5702465176582336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5302937626838684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robot","display_name":"Robot","score":0.4995994567871094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.49898219108581543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modular-design","display_name":"Modular design","score":0.41942593455314636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.29816776514053345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/structural-engineering","display_name":"Structural engineering","score":0.27717846632003784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.2620905041694641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.23363837599754333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.10966533422470093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optoelectronics","display_name":"Optoelectronics","score":0.09982693195343018}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110367647","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q497166","display_name":"Metamaterial","level":2,"score":0.7931702733039856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119701452","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165881","display_name":"Control reconfiguration","level":2,"score":0.7047420740127563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173534245","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1328068","display_name":"Truss","level":2,"score":0.5702465176582336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5302937626838684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90509273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012","display_name":"Robot","level":2,"score":0.4995994567871094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.49898219108581543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101468663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1620158","display_name":"Modular design","level":2,"score":0.41942593455314636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.29816776514053345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.27717846632003784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.2620905041694641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.23363837599754333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.10966533422470093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.09982693195343018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1126/scirobotics.adi2746","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1126/scirobotics.adi2746","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210213233","display_name":"Science Robotics","issn_l":"2470-9476","issn":["2470-9476"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315823","host_organization_name":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315823"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Association for the Advancement of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Science Robotics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:38232146","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38232146","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Science robotics","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W153652626","https://openalex.org/W1816630820","https://openalex.org/W1980587781","https://openalex.org/W2014247633","https://openalex.org/W2019403558","https://openalex.org/W2021889488","https://openalex.org/W2030749064","https://openalex.org/W2035513712","https://openalex.org/W2037016344","https://openalex.org/W2062010943","https://openalex.org/W2069507241","https://openalex.org/W2074774692","https://openalex.org/W2077098498","https://openalex.org/W2079218888","https://openalex.org/W2086116080","https://openalex.org/W2141271238","https://openalex.org/W2145828929","https://openalex.org/W2149567066","https://openalex.org/W2149841830","https://openalex.org/W2168054868","https://openalex.org/W2208088871","https://openalex.org/W2526973425","https://openalex.org/W2602942583","https://openalex.org/W2626243630","https://openalex.org/W2775410230","https://openalex.org/W2775550088","https://openalex.org/W2804384446","https://openalex.org/W2914296650","https://openalex.org/W2921599593","https://openalex.org/W2922530861","https://openalex.org/W2951312416","https://openalex.org/W2952695906","https://openalex.org/W2958312355","https://openalex.org/W2963522883","https://openalex.org/W2966291835","https://openalex.org/W2976793299","https://openalex.org/W3006365281","https://openalex.org/W3081055586","https://openalex.org/W3090736043","https://openalex.org/W3105272157","https://openalex.org/W3105630405","https://openalex.org/W3129469851","https://openalex.org/W3131101720","https://openalex.org/W3132467394","https://openalex.org/W4235383998","https://openalex.org/W4249074139","https://openalex.org/W4285102567","https://openalex.org/W4309556370","https://openalex.org/W4383108786","https://openalex.org/W4389667307"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2357657342","https://openalex.org/W2955404263","https://openalex.org/W2153432761","https://openalex.org/W2152623100","https://openalex.org/W1570806970","https://openalex.org/W2142042635","https://openalex.org/W4214878056","https://openalex.org/W2174268617","https://openalex.org/W1580144672","https://openalex.org/W2019887508"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Versatile":[0],"programmable":[1,36,100],"materials":[2,48],"have":[3],"long":[4],"been":[5],"envisioned":[6],"that":[7],"can":[8],"reconfigure":[9],"themselves":[10],"to":[11,13,103],"adapt":[12],"changing":[14],"use":[15],"cases":[16],"in":[17,106],"adaptive":[18],"infrastructure,":[19],"space":[20,190],"exploration,":[21],"disaster":[22],"response,":[23],"and":[24,41,49,60,77,87,97,108,118,131,140,151,170,178,195,201],"more.":[25],"We":[26,126],"introduce":[27],"a":[28,135,147,182],"robotic":[29],"structural":[30,155,199],"system":[31,111,129,205],"as":[32,64,144,146],"an":[33],"implementation":[34],"of":[35,69,81,120,149],"matter,":[37],"with":[38,45,123,167],"mechanical":[39,65,142],"performance":[40,184],"scale":[42],"on":[43],"par":[44],"conventional":[46],"high-performance":[47],"truss":[50],"systems.":[51],"Fiber-reinforced":[52],"composite":[53],"truss-like":[54],"building":[55],"blocks":[56],"form":[57],"strong,":[58],"stiff,":[59],"lightweight":[61],"lattice":[62,93,141,156],"structures":[63,122],"metamaterials.":[66],"Two":[67],"types":[68],"mobile":[70],"robots":[71,194],"operate":[72],"over":[73],"the":[74,79,82,91,128,207],"exterior":[75],"surface":[76],"through":[78],"interior":[80],"system,":[83],"performing":[84],"transport,":[85],"placement,":[86],"reversible":[88],"fastening":[89],"using":[90],"intrinsic":[92],"periodicity":[94],"for":[95,172,187,209,213],"indexing":[96],"metrology.":[98],"Leveraging":[99],"matter":[101],"algorithms":[102],"achieve":[104],"scalability":[105],"size":[107],"complexity,":[109],"this":[110,204],"design":[112,130],"enables":[113],"robust":[114],"collective":[115],"automated":[116],"assembly":[117,138],"reconfiguration":[119],"large":[121],"simple":[124,193],"robots.":[125],"describe":[127],"experimental":[132],"results":[133],"from":[134],"256-unit":[136],"cell":[137],"demonstration":[139,148],"testing,":[143],"well":[145],"disassembly":[150],"reconfiguration.":[152],"The":[153],"assembled":[154],"material":[157,183],"exhibits":[158],"ultralight":[159],"mass":[160],"density":[161],"(0.0103":[162],"grams":[163],"per":[164],"cubic":[165],"centimeter)":[166],"high":[168,197],"strength":[169],"stiffness":[171],"its":[173],"weight":[174],"(":[175],"11.38":[176],"kilopascals":[177],"1.1129":[179],"megapascals,":[180],"respectively),":[181],"realm":[185],"appropriate":[186],"applications":[188],"like":[189],"structures.":[191],"With":[192],"structure,":[196],"mass-specific":[198],"performance,":[200],"competitive":[202],"throughput,":[203],"demonstrates":[206],"potential":[208],"self-reconfiguring":[210],"autonomous":[211],"metamaterials":[212],"diverse":[214],"applications.":[215]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":50},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":12}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}