{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4317481035","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1126/scirobotics.add1053","title":"Remote control of muscle-driven miniature robots with battery-free wireless optoelectronics","display_name":"Remote control of muscle-driven miniature robots with battery-free wireless optoelectronics","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4317481035","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1126/scirobotics.add1053","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36652505"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1126/scirobotics.add1053","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1126/scirobotics.add1053","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210213233","display_name":"Science Robotics","issn_l":"2470-9476","issn":["2470-9476"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315823","host_organization_name":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315823"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Association for the Advancement of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Science Robotics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083978369","display_name":"Yongdeok Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1068-0604"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yongdeok Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA","Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA","Nick J.\u00a0Holonyak Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1068-0604","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nick J.\u00a0Holonyak Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Yongdeok Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1068-0604"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111979921","display_name":"Northwestern University","ror":"https://ror.org/000e0be47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yongdeok Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA","Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA","Nick J.\u00a0Holonyak Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA","Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA","Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1068-0604","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nick J.\u00a0Holonyak Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012228964","display_name":"Yiyuan Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1262-354X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111979921","display_name":"Northwestern University","ror":"https://ror.org/000e0be47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yiyuan Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA","Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA","Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1262-354X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100390589","display_name":"Xiaotian Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8601-4160"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111979921","display_name":"Northwestern University","ror":"https://ror.org/000e0be47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44461941","display_name":"University of Houston","ror":"https://ror.org/048sx0r50","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I44461941"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xiaotian Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA","Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA","Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA","Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8601-4160","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44461941"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44461941"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100734158","display_name":"Zhengwei Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3303-0778"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111979921","display_name":"Northwestern University","ror":"https://ror.org/000e0be47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44461941","display_name":"University of Houston","ror":"https://ror.org/048sx0r50","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I44461941"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zhengwei Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA","Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA","Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3303-0778","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44461941"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44461941"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091731986","display_name":"Abraham V\u00e1zquez\u2010Guardado","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0648-5921"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111979921","display_name":"Northwestern University","ror":"https://ror.org/000e0be47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Abraham V\u00e1zquez-Guardado","raw_affiliation_strings":["Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA","Nick J.\u00a0Holonyak Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0648-5921","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nick J.\u00a0Holonyak Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076446699","display_name":"Insu Park","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3229-8345"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Insu Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nick J.\u00a0Holonyak Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA","Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3229-8345","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nick J.\u00a0Holonyak Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101421116","display_name":"Jiaojiao Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2519-4476"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111979921","display_name":"Northwestern University","ror":"https://ror.org/000e0be47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiaojiao Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA","Nick J.\u00a0Holonyak Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA","Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2519-4476","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nick J.\u00a0Holonyak Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002168528","display_name":"Andrew I. Efimov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9966-2586"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111979921","display_name":"Northwestern University","ror":"https://ror.org/000e0be47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrew I. Efimov","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA","Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9966-2586","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009140562","display_name":"Zhi Dou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4958-2737"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111979921","display_name":"Northwestern University","ror":"https://ror.org/000e0be47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhi Dou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA","Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA","Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4958-2737","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006563559","display_name":"Yue Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9763-3570"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111979921","display_name":"Northwestern University","ror":"https://ror.org/000e0be47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yue Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA","Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA","Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9763-3570","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040946979","display_name":"Junehu Park","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3432-3743"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111979921","display_name":"Northwestern University","ror":"https://ror.org/000e0be47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junehu Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA","Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA","Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3432-3743","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016446650","display_name":"Haiwen Luan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0722-1108"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111979921","display_name":"Northwestern University","ror":"https://ror.org/000e0be47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haiwen Luan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0722-1108","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005508080","display_name":"Xinchen Ni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3327-3764"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111979921","display_name":"Northwestern University","ror":"https://ror.org/000e0be47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinchen Ni","raw_affiliation_strings":["Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA","Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3327-3764","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044619276","display_name":"Yun Seong Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5082-4804"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yun Seong Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA","Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA","Nick J.\u00a0Holonyak Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5082-4804","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nick J.\u00a0Holonyak Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044619276","display_name":"Yun Seong Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5082-4804"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111979921","display_name":"Northwestern University","ror":"https://ror.org/000e0be47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yun Seong Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA","Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA","Nick J.\u00a0Holonyak Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA","Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5082-4804","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nick J.\u00a0Holonyak Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001242893","display_name":"Janice Mihyun Baek","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27357992","display_name":"Dalian University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/023hj5876","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27357992"]}],"countries":["CN","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Janice Baek","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA","Nick J.\u00a0Holonyak Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA","State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis for Industrial Equipment, Department of Engineering Mechanics, DUT-BSU Joint Institute, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nick J.\u00a0Holonyak Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis for Industrial Equipment, Department of Engineering Mechanics, DUT-BSU Joint Institute, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27357992"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060806723","display_name":"Joshua Jaehyung Park","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111979921","display_name":"Northwestern University","ror":"https://ror.org/000e0be47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joshua Jaehyung Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA","Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA","Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1465-1029","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081472387","display_name":"Zhaoqian Xie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1320-817X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27357992","display_name":"Dalian University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/023hj5876","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27357992"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210135837","display_name":"National Center for Supercomputing Applications","ror":"https://ror.org/03r10zj06","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225","https://openalex.org/I4210135837"]}],"countries":["CN","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhaoqian Xie","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis for Industrial Equipment, Department of Engineering Mechanics, DUT-BSU Joint Institute, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China","Carl R.\u00a0Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA","National Center for Supercomputing Applications, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA","Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1320-817X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis for Industrial Equipment, Department of Engineering Mechanics, DUT-BSU Joint Institute, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27357992"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carl R.\u00a0Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Center for Supercomputing Applications, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210135837","https://openalex.org/I157725225"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038624492","display_name":"Hangbo Zhao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111979921","display_name":"Northwestern University","ror":"https://ror.org/000e0be47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210157890","display_name":"Neurological Surgery","ror":"https://ror.org/04r0gp612","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210157890"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hangbo Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA","Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA","Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA","Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA","Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA","Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5229-4192","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921","https://openalex.org/I4210157890"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106466015","display_name":"Mattia Gazzola","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2129-379X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210135837","display_name":"National Center for Supercomputing Applications","ror":"https://ror.org/03r10zj06","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225","https://openalex.org/I4210135837"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mattia Gazzola","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carl R.\u00a0Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA","Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA","National Center for Supercomputing Applications, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA","Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA","Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA","Nick J.\u00a0Holonyak Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2129-379X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carl R.\u00a0Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Center for Supercomputing Applications, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210135837","https://openalex.org/I157725225"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nick J.\u00a0Holonyak Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000988147","display_name":"John A. Rogers","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3830-5980"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111979921","display_name":"Northwestern University","ror":"https://ror.org/000e0be47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"John A. Rogers","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA","Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA","Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA","Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3830-5980","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050715203","display_name":"Rashid Bashir","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7225-9180"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Rashid Bashir","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carl R.\u00a0Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA","Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA","Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA","Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA","Nick J.\u00a0Holonyak Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7225-9180","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carl R.\u00a0Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nick J.\u00a0Holonyak Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5000988147","https://openalex.org/A5012228964","https://openalex.org/A5044619276","https://openalex.org/A5050715203","https://openalex.org/A5083978369","https://openalex.org/A5091731986","https://openalex.org/A5100390589","https://openalex.org/A5100734158","https://openalex.org/A5106466015"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921","https://openalex.org/I157725225","https://openalex.org/I4210135837","https://openalex.org/I44461941","https://openalex.org/I63966007"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":19.8843,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":117,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99718236,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"74","first_page":"eadd1053","last_page":"eadd1053"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11486","display_name":"Micro and Nano Robotics","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3104","display_name":"Condensed Matter Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11486","display_name":"Micro and Nano Robotics","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3104","display_name":"Condensed Matter Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12784","display_name":"Modular Robots and Swarm Intelligence","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10338","display_name":"Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting Materials","score":0.9954000115394592,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robot","display_name":"Robot","score":0.7361928224563599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optogenetics","display_name":"Optogenetics","score":0.7280436158180237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.6674593091011047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/battery","display_name":"Battery (electricity)","score":0.583876371383667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronics","display_name":"Electronics","score":0.576676070690155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5132265090942383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-control","display_name":"Remote control","score":0.4296630620956421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.35570454597473145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.33127734065055847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.2731640934944153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.2209681272506714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.18556451797485352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.08898138999938965}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90509273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012","display_name":"Robot","level":2,"score":0.7361928224563599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50738837","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q781492","display_name":"Optogenetics","level":2,"score":0.7280436158180237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.6674593091011047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555008776","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q267298","display_name":"Battery (electricity)","level":3,"score":0.583876371383667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138331895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11650","display_name":"Electronics","level":2,"score":0.576676070690155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5132265090942383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C557691694","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185091","display_name":"Remote control","level":2,"score":0.4296630620956421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.35570454597473145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.33127734065055847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.2731640934944153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.2209681272506714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.18556451797485352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.08898138999938965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D004581","descriptor_name":"Electronics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004581","descriptor_name":"Electronics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004581","descriptor_name":"Electronics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012371","descriptor_name":"Robotics","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012371","descriptor_name":"Robotics","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012371","descriptor_name":"Robotics","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016138","descriptor_name":"Walking","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016138","descriptor_name":"Walking","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016138","descriptor_name":"Walking","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018482","descriptor_name":"Muscle, Skeletal","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018482","descriptor_name":"Muscle, Skeletal","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018482","descriptor_name":"Muscle, Skeletal","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1126/scirobotics.add1053","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1126/scirobotics.add1053","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210213233","display_name":"Science Robotics","issn_l":"2470-9476","issn":["2470-9476"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315823","host_organization_name":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315823"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Association for the Advancement of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Science Robotics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:36652505","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36652505","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Science robotics","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.hkust.edu.hk:1783.1-167536","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://repository.hkust.edu.hk/ir/Record/1783.1-167536","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401796","display_name":"Rare & Special e-Zone (The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","host_organization_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3909066161","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"T32 EB019944","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337363","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337363","display_name":"National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering","ror":"https://ror.org/00372qc85"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1938365946","https://openalex.org/W2016298708","https://openalex.org/W2029041454","https://openalex.org/W2036772120","https://openalex.org/W2037158133","https://openalex.org/W2051022143","https://openalex.org/W2064019624","https://openalex.org/W2097948526","https://openalex.org/W2114020388","https://openalex.org/W2151203874","https://openalex.org/W2165619702","https://openalex.org/W2300507085","https://openalex.org/W2463052324","https://openalex.org/W2536032352","https://openalex.org/W2582553065","https://openalex.org/W2587341100","https://openalex.org/W2593366827","https://openalex.org/W2625829752","https://openalex.org/W2770984632","https://openalex.org/W2784655082","https://openalex.org/W2799605945","https://openalex.org/W2806189642","https://openalex.org/W2807959585","https://openalex.org/W2906572232","https://openalex.org/W2910944719","https://openalex.org/W2920855595","https://openalex.org/W2955094653","https://openalex.org/W2971237575","https://openalex.org/W2973709110","https://openalex.org/W2981873382","https://openalex.org/W3016833507","https://openalex.org/W3098816831","https://openalex.org/W3128838957","https://openalex.org/W3154125796","https://openalex.org/W3157236342","https://openalex.org/W3161909955","https://openalex.org/W4211164694","https://openalex.org/W4256333068","https://openalex.org/W4293032207","https://openalex.org/W6734185799"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4206570293","https://openalex.org/W3169838070","https://openalex.org/W3121604985","https://openalex.org/W2792256563","https://openalex.org/W3155801447","https://openalex.org/W4386305173","https://openalex.org/W1995267282","https://openalex.org/W2096235556","https://openalex.org/W4234016227","https://openalex.org/W2952426443"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Bioengineering":[0],"approaches":[1],"that":[2],"combine":[3,111],"living":[4],"cellular":[5],"components":[6],"with":[7,50,74,116],"three-dimensional":[8],"scaffolds":[9],"to":[10,16,70,110],"generate":[11],"motion":[12],"can":[13],"be":[14],"used":[15],"develop":[17],"a":[18,104],"new":[19],"generation":[20],"of":[21,77,85,106],"miniature":[22],"robots.":[23],"Integrating":[24],"on-board":[25,72,117],"electronics":[26],"and":[27,41,52,59,68,89,95,114],"remote":[28,83],"control":[29,58],"in":[30],"these":[31],"biological":[32,112],"machines":[33,108],"will":[34],"enable":[35],"various":[36],"applications":[37],"across":[38],"engineering,":[39],"biology,":[40],"medicine.":[42],"Here,":[43],"we":[44],"present":[45],"hybrid":[46],"bioelectronic":[47],"robots":[48,64],"equipped":[49],"battery-free":[51],"microinorganic":[53],"light-emitting":[54],"diodes":[55],"for":[56],"wireless":[57],"real-time":[60],"communication.":[61],"Centimeter-scale":[62],"walking":[63],"were":[65],"computationally":[66],"designed":[67],"optimized":[69],"host":[71],"optoelectronics":[73],"independent":[75],"stimulation":[76],"multiple":[78],"optogenetic":[79],"skeletal":[80],"muscles,":[81],"achieving":[82],"command":[84],"walking,":[86],"turning,":[87],"plowing,":[88],"transport":[90],"functions":[91],"both":[92],"at":[93],"individual":[94],"collective":[96],"levels.":[97],"This":[98],"work":[99],"paves":[100],"the":[101],"way":[102],"toward":[103],"class":[105],"biohybrid":[107],"able":[109],"actuation":[113],"sensing":[115],"computing.":[118]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":48},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":37},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":13}],"updated_date":"2026-07-08T08:33:18.762332","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}