{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3157853607","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1126/scirobotics.abg6049","title":"Hard questions for soft robotics","display_name":"Hard questions for soft robotics","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-04-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3157853607","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1126/scirobotics.abg6049","mag":"3157853607","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34043571"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1126/scirobotics.abg6049","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1126/scirobotics.abg6049","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210213233","display_name":"Science Robotics","issn_l":"2470-9476","issn":["2470-9476"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315823","host_organization_name":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315823"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Association for the Advancement of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Science Robotics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/727107kj","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088329417","display_name":"Elliot W. Hawkes","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0420-5025"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154570441","display_name":"University of California, Santa Barbara","ror":"https://ror.org/02t274463","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Elliot W. Hawkes","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0420-5025","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050506400","display_name":"Carmel Majidi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6469-9645"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Carmel Majidi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056621190","display_name":"Michael T. Tolley","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7821-7777"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael T. Tolley","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7821-7777","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5088329417"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":15.8521,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":147,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99558787,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":"53","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11486","display_name":"Micro and Nano Robotics","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3104","display_name":"Condensed Matter Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11486","display_name":"Micro and Nano Robotics","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3104","display_name":"Condensed Matter Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10868","display_name":"Soft Robotics and Applications","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10338","display_name":"Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting Materials","score":0.9898999929428101,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soft-robotics","display_name":"Soft robotics","score":0.833669126033783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robotics","display_name":"Robotics","score":0.7667843103408813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7059959173202515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.4807686507701874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.40434277057647705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering-ethics","display_name":"Engineering ethics","score":0.34514451026916504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robot","display_name":"Robot","score":0.30356404185295105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.30348843336105347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1036217212677002}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776058767","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q24327151","display_name":"Soft robotics","level":3,"score":0.833669126033783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34413123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170978","display_name":"Robotics","level":3,"score":0.7667843103408813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7059959173202515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4807686507701874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.40434277057647705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55587333","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1133029","display_name":"Engineering ethics","level":1,"score":0.34514451026916504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90509273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012","display_name":"Robot","level":2,"score":0.30356404185295105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.30348843336105347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1036217212677002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1126/scirobotics.abg6049","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1126/scirobotics.abg6049","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210213233","display_name":"Science Robotics","issn_l":"2470-9476","issn":["2470-9476"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315823","host_organization_name":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315823"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Association for the Advancement of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Science Robotics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:34043571","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34043571","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Science robotics","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt727107kj","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/727107kj","pdf_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/727107kj","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Science Robotics, vol 6, iss 53","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt727107kj","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/727107kj","pdf_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/727107kj","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Science Robotics, vol 6, iss 53","raw_type":"article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7018640037","display_name":"CAREER: Physical Principles and Applications of Plant-Inspired Tip Growth for Robotics","funder_award_id":"1944816","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3157853607.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W611276228","https://openalex.org/W1481304625","https://openalex.org/W1515749184","https://openalex.org/W1614964691","https://openalex.org/W1811925287","https://openalex.org/W1826399803","https://openalex.org/W1858096020","https://openalex.org/W1966832268","https://openalex.org/W1967564341","https://openalex.org/W1973846181","https://openalex.org/W1982455103","https://openalex.org/W2003653926","https://openalex.org/W2007924815","https://openalex.org/W2025613329","https://openalex.org/W2048454496","https://openalex.org/W2049511808","https://openalex.org/W2060603511","https://openalex.org/W2062182733","https://openalex.org/W2068980293","https://openalex.org/W2071311642","https://openalex.org/W2079574144","https://openalex.org/W2086889643","https://openalex.org/W2096628773","https://openalex.org/W2105377162","https://openalex.org/W2111253117","https://openalex.org/W2114434484","https://openalex.org/W2128427912","https://openalex.org/W2151835733","https://openalex.org/W2166585449","https://openalex.org/W2263480548","https://openalex.org/W2343176969","https://openalex.org/W2560730116","https://openalex.org/W2562256358","https://openalex.org/W2724839623","https://openalex.org/W2787690100","https://openalex.org/W2804537022","https://openalex.org/W2914835493","https://openalex.org/W3011891279","https://openalex.org/W4247419735","https://openalex.org/W4251668123","https://openalex.org/W6619127524"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1508899372","https://openalex.org/W2012658348","https://openalex.org/W2039460805","https://openalex.org/W4250956039","https://openalex.org/W4240485100","https://openalex.org/W4254970379","https://openalex.org/W2326585759","https://openalex.org/W4312473168","https://openalex.org/W4211124276","https://openalex.org/W4312269480"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"establishment":[1],"of":[2,13,25,111,120,124,171],"a":[3,11,79,95],"new":[4],"academic":[5],"field":[6,24,84,145],"is":[7,135,140],"often":[8],"characterized":[9],"by":[10,34,45],"phase":[12],"rapid":[14,37],"growth,":[15],"as":[16],"seen":[17],"over":[18],"the":[19,23,46,62,83,132,147,168,172],"last":[20],"decade":[21],"in":[22,61,146],"soft":[26,53,121,138,161],"robotics.":[27],"However,":[28],"such":[29],"growth":[30],"can":[31],"be":[32,142],"followed":[33],"an":[35,143],"equally":[36],"decline":[38],"if":[39,137],"concerted":[40],"efforts":[41],"are":[42,164],"not":[43],"made":[44],"community.":[47],"Here,":[48],"we":[49,65],"argue":[50],"that":[51,75,126,131,163],"for":[52,70],"robotics":[54,88,125,139,151],"to":[55,82,87,98,141,167],"take":[56],"root":[57],"and":[58,73,89,101,105,152,156,159],"have":[59],"impact":[60],"next":[63,148],"decade,":[64,149],"must":[66],"move":[67],"beyond":[68,157],"\"soft":[69],"soft's":[71],"sake\"":[72],"ensure":[74],"each":[76],"study":[77],"makes":[78],"meaningful":[80],"contribution":[81],"and,":[85],"ideally,":[86],"engineering":[90,153],"more":[91],"broadly.":[92],"We":[93,113,129],"present":[94],"three-tiered":[96],"categorization":[97,116],"help":[99],"researchers":[100],"reviewers":[102],"evaluate":[103],"work":[104],"guide":[106],"studies":[107],"toward":[108],"higher":[109],"levels":[110],"contribution.":[112],"ground":[114],"this":[115],"with":[117],"historical":[118],"examples":[119],"solutions":[122,162],"outside":[123],"were":[127],"transformative.":[128],"believe":[130],"proposed":[133],"self-reflection":[134],"essential":[136],"impactful":[144],"advancing":[150],"both":[154],"within":[155],"academia":[158],"creating":[160],"quantitatively":[165],"superior":[166],"current":[169],"state":[170],"art-soft,":[173],"rigid,":[174],"or":[175],"otherwise.":[176]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":31},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":38},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":33},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
