{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4210863407","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1126/scirobotics.abg2171","title":"Shape morphing mechanical metamaterials through reversible plasticity","display_name":"Shape morphing mechanical metamaterials through reversible plasticity","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-02-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4210863407","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1126/scirobotics.abg2171","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35138882"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1126/scirobotics.abg2171","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1126/scirobotics.abg2171","pdf_url":"https://www.science.org/doi/pdf/10.1126/scirobotics.abg2171?download=true","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210213233","display_name":"Science Robotics","issn_l":"2470-9476","issn":["2470-9476"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315823","host_organization_name":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315823"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Association for the Advancement of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Science Robotics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://www.science.org/doi/pdf/10.1126/scirobotics.abg2171?download=true","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058270590","display_name":"Dohgyu Hwang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3372-6468"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","display_name":"Virginia Tech","ror":"https://ror.org/02smfhw86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Dohgyu Hwang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, Soft Materials and Structures Lab, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA","Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Soft Materials and Structures Lab, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032949042","display_name":"Edward J. Barron","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1091-1217"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","display_name":"Virginia Tech","ror":"https://ror.org/02smfhw86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Edward J. Barron","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, Soft Materials and Structures Lab, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA","Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Soft Materials and Structures Lab, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061095436","display_name":"A. Haque","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8684-281X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","display_name":"Virginia Tech","ror":"https://ror.org/02smfhw86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. B. M. Tahidul Haque","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, Soft Materials and Structures Lab, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Soft Materials and Structures Lab, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088452440","display_name":"Michael D. Bartlett","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7391-5135"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","display_name":"Virginia Tech","ror":"https://ror.org/02smfhw86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Michael D. Bartlett","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, Soft Materials and Structures Lab, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA","Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Soft Materials and Structures Lab, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5032949042","https://openalex.org/A5058270590","https://openalex.org/A5088452440"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":16.9113,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":184,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99783975,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"63","first_page":"eabg2171","last_page":"eabg2171"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11737","display_name":"Advanced Materials and Mechanics","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11737","display_name":"Advanced Materials and Mechanics","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12784","display_name":"Modular Robots and Swarm Intelligence","score":0.996399998664856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10338","display_name":"Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting Materials","score":0.9959999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/morphing","display_name":"Morphing","score":0.9850775003433228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reconfigurability","display_name":"Reconfigurability","score":0.8707350492477417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soft-robotics","display_name":"Soft robotics","score":0.6309562921524048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/elastomer","display_name":"Elastomer","score":0.5646170973777771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5507696866989136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biomimetics","display_name":"Biomimetics","score":0.5466676950454712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metamaterial","display_name":"Metamaterial","score":0.46174389123916626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/load-bearing","display_name":"Load bearing","score":0.45979568362236023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.43206340074539185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.42391419410705566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/plasticity","display_name":"Plasticity","score":0.42296451330184937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-material","display_name":"Smart material","score":0.4202045500278473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flexibility","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","score":0.4142574667930603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanical-engineering","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","score":0.37888967990875244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/actuator","display_name":"Actuator","score":0.31576916575431824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.20471304655075073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.19500580430030823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nanotechnology","display_name":"Nanotechnology","score":0.1871233880519867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.10314154624938965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/composite-material","display_name":"Composite material","score":0.08182308077812195}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50637493","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1136781","display_name":"Morphing","level":2,"score":0.9850775003433228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780149590","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7302742","display_name":"Reconfigurability","level":2,"score":0.8707350492477417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776058767","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q24327151","display_name":"Soft robotics","level":3,"score":0.6309562921524048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38052585","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q252266","display_name":"Elastomer","level":2,"score":0.5646170973777771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5507696866989136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165062768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1145644","display_name":"Biomimetics","level":2,"score":0.5466676950454712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110367647","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q497166","display_name":"Metamaterial","level":2,"score":0.46174389123916626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993075670","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2313934","display_name":"Load bearing","level":2,"score":0.45979568362236023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.43206340074539185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.42391419410705566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79186407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q472074","display_name":"Plasticity","level":2,"score":0.42296451330184937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88484716","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1474679","display_name":"Smart material","level":2,"score":0.4202045500278473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780598303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65921492","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.4142574667930603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.37888967990875244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172707124","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q423488","display_name":"Actuator","level":2,"score":0.31576916575431824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.20471304655075073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.19500580430030823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171250308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468","display_name":"Nanotechnology","level":1,"score":0.1871233880519867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.10314154624938965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.08182308077812195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1126/scirobotics.abg2171","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1126/scirobotics.abg2171","pdf_url":"https://www.science.org/doi/pdf/10.1126/scirobotics.abg2171?download=true","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210213233","display_name":"Science Robotics","issn_l":"2470-9476","issn":["2470-9476"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315823","host_organization_name":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315823"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Association for the Advancement of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Science Robotics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:35138882","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35138882","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Science robotics","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1126/scirobotics.abg2171","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1126/scirobotics.abg2171","pdf_url":"https://www.science.org/doi/pdf/10.1126/scirobotics.abg2171?download=true","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210213233","display_name":"Science Robotics","issn_l":"2470-9476","issn":["2470-9476"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315823","host_organization_name":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315823"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Association for the Advancement of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Science Robotics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14","score":0.4099999964237213,"display_name":"Life below water"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4210863407.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4210863407.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":55,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W764472769","https://openalex.org/W1608215728","https://openalex.org/W1847353717","https://openalex.org/W1854459117","https://openalex.org/W1870918401","https://openalex.org/W1980587781","https://openalex.org/W1984187759","https://openalex.org/W2030699080","https://openalex.org/W2036233283","https://openalex.org/W2075459747","https://openalex.org/W2158730742","https://openalex.org/W2163566443","https://openalex.org/W2168772936","https://openalex.org/W2178147694","https://openalex.org/W2261762767","https://openalex.org/W2266720690","https://openalex.org/W2380811408","https://openalex.org/W2473481598","https://openalex.org/W2523700440","https://openalex.org/W2527181701","https://openalex.org/W2565234879","https://openalex.org/W2577559484","https://openalex.org/W2583170766","https://openalex.org/W2587813168","https://openalex.org/W2754179659","https://openalex.org/W2763485060","https://openalex.org/W2763816982","https://openalex.org/W2765687759","https://openalex.org/W2785767758","https://openalex.org/W2788127870","https://openalex.org/W2790246068","https://openalex.org/W2800945641","https://openalex.org/W2804981481","https://openalex.org/W2805926569","https://openalex.org/W2883771065","https://openalex.org/W2891089476","https://openalex.org/W2901920378","https://openalex.org/W2905560833","https://openalex.org/W2928301420","https://openalex.org/W2957257771","https://openalex.org/W2959914702","https://openalex.org/W2969211246","https://openalex.org/W2977728141","https://openalex.org/W2980227422","https://openalex.org/W2990510362","https://openalex.org/W2996576045","https://openalex.org/W3004948752","https://openalex.org/W3006579760","https://openalex.org/W3037236780","https://openalex.org/W3105961605","https://openalex.org/W3124041513","https://openalex.org/W3134259965","https://openalex.org/W3193420437","https://openalex.org/W4213028169","https://openalex.org/W6921489321"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2604861150","https://openalex.org/W2983479991","https://openalex.org/W3161089714","https://openalex.org/W4298121576","https://openalex.org/W3170826113","https://openalex.org/W55204105","https://openalex.org/W2943176603","https://openalex.org/W3165095226","https://openalex.org/W4294084502","https://openalex.org/W4294085667"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Biological":[0],"organisms":[1],"such":[2],"as":[3],"the":[4],"octopus":[5],"can":[6,132],"reconfigure":[7],"their":[8],"shape":[9,26],"and":[10,30,45,75,87,90,108,126],"properties":[11],"to":[12,20,27,62,94,110,123,136],"perform":[13],"diverse":[14],"tasks.":[15],"However,":[16],"soft":[17,113],"machines":[18],"struggle":[19],"achieve":[21],"complex":[22],"configurations,":[23],"morph":[24,66],"into":[25,69],"support":[28],"loads,":[29],"go":[31],"between":[32],"multiple":[33],"states":[34],"reversibly.":[35],"Here,":[36],"we":[37],"introduce":[38],"a":[39,112,121],"multifunctional":[40],"shape-morphing":[41],"material":[42,101],"with":[43,53,73,104],"reversible":[44,56],"rapid":[46],"polymorphic":[47],"reconfigurability.":[48],"We":[49,98],"couple":[50],"elastomeric":[51],"kirigami":[52,81],"an":[54,127],"unconventional":[55],"plasticity":[57],"mechanism":[58],"in":[59,85],"metal":[60],"alloys":[61],"rapidly":[63],"(<i><</i>0.1":[64],"seconds)":[65],"flat":[67],"sheets":[68],"complex,":[70],"load-bearing":[71,88],"shapes,":[72],"reversibility":[74],"self-healing":[76],"through":[77,102],"phase":[78],"change.":[79],"This":[80],"composite":[82],"overcomes":[83],"trade-offs":[84],"deformability":[86],"capacity":[89],"eliminates":[91],"power":[92,109],"requirements":[93],"sustain":[95],"reconfigured":[96],"shapes.":[97],"demonstrate":[99],"this":[100],"integration":[103],"onboard":[105],"control,":[106],"motors,":[107],"create":[111],"robotic":[114],"morphing":[115,129],"drone,":[116],"which":[117,131],"autonomously":[118],"transforms":[119],"from":[120],"ground":[122],"air":[124],"vehicle":[125],"underwater":[128],"machine,":[130],"be":[133],"reversibly":[134],"deployed":[135],"collect":[137],"cargo.":[138]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":57},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":54},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":45},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":14}],"updated_date":"2026-04-14T08:04:32.555800","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
