{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3001501560","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1126/scirobotics.aba6149","title":"Metal or muscle? The future of biologically inspired robots","display_name":"Metal or muscle? The future of biologically inspired robots","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3001501560","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1126/scirobotics.aba6149","mag":"3001501560","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33022591"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1126/scirobotics.aba6149","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1126/scirobotics.aba6149","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210213233","display_name":"Science Robotics","issn_l":"2470-9476","issn":["2470-9476"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315823","host_organization_name":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315823"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Association for the Advancement of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Science Robotics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031103460","display_name":"Barry A. Trimmer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1782-7373"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121934306","display_name":"Tufts University","ror":"https://ror.org/05wvpxv85","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121934306"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Barry Andrew Trimmer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Departments of Biology, Biomedical Engineering, and Neuroscience, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1782-7373","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Departments of Biology, Biomedical Engineering, and Neuroscience, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121934306"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5031103460"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121934306"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.2336,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.75861641,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":"38","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12784","display_name":"Modular Robots and Swarm Intelligence","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12784","display_name":"Modular Robots and Swarm Intelligence","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11486","display_name":"Micro and Nano Robotics","score":0.9944000244140625,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3104","display_name":"Condensed Matter Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11190","display_name":"3D Printing in Biomedical Research","score":0.9894000291824341,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robot","display_name":"Robot","score":0.673431396484375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agile-software-development","display_name":"Agile software development","score":0.5591426491737366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.4429706335067749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.43584221601486206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nanotechnology","display_name":"Nanotechnology","score":0.3866824805736542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-science","display_name":"Cognitive science","score":0.36503130197525024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3557552099227905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.33079245686531067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.21411201357841492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.1576642394065857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.10188105702400208}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90509273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012","display_name":"Robot","level":2,"score":0.673431396484375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14185376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30232","display_name":"Agile software development","level":2,"score":0.5591426491737366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.4429706335067749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.43584221601486206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171250308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468","display_name":"Nanotechnology","level":1,"score":0.3866824805736542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.36503130197525024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3557552099227905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.33079245686531067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.21411201357841492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.1576642394065857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.10188105702400208}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001672","descriptor_name":"Biocompatible Materials","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001672","descriptor_name":"Biocompatible Materials","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001672","descriptor_name":"Biocompatible Materials","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001696","descriptor_name":"Biomechanical Phenomena","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001696","descriptor_name":"Biomechanical Phenomena","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001696","descriptor_name":"Biomechanical Phenomena","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004867","descriptor_name":"Equipment Design","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004867","descriptor_name":"Equipment Design","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004867","descriptor_name":"Equipment Design","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008670","descriptor_name":"Metals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008670","descriptor_name":"Metals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008670","descriptor_name":"Metals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009132","descriptor_name":"Muscles","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009132","descriptor_name":"Muscles","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009132","descriptor_name":"Muscles","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012371","descriptor_name":"Robotics","qualifier_ui":"Q000295","qualifier_name":"instrumentation","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012371","descriptor_name":"Robotics","qualifier_ui":"Q000295","qualifier_name":"instrumentation","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012371","descriptor_name":"Robotics","qualifier_ui":"Q000295","qualifier_name":"instrumentation","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012371","descriptor_name":"Robotics","qualifier_ui":"Q000639","qualifier_name":"trends","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012371","descriptor_name":"Robotics","qualifier_ui":"Q000639","qualifier_name":"trends","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012371","descriptor_name":"Robotics","qualifier_ui":"Q000639","qualifier_name":"trends","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D023822","descriptor_name":"Tissue Engineering","qualifier_ui":"Q000639","qualifier_name":"trends","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D023822","descriptor_name":"Tissue Engineering","qualifier_ui":"Q000639","qualifier_name":"trends","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D023822","descriptor_name":"Tissue Engineering","qualifier_ui":"Q000639","qualifier_name":"trends","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D032701","descriptor_name":"Biomimetics","qualifier_ui":"Q000295","qualifier_name":"instrumentation","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D032701","descriptor_name":"Biomimetics","qualifier_ui":"Q000295","qualifier_name":"instrumentation","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D032701","descriptor_name":"Biomimetics","qualifier_ui":"Q000295","qualifier_name":"instrumentation","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D032701","descriptor_name":"Biomimetics","qualifier_ui":"Q000639","qualifier_name":"trends","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D032701","descriptor_name":"Biomimetics","qualifier_ui":"Q000639","qualifier_name":"trends","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D032701","descriptor_name":"Biomimetics","qualifier_ui":"Q000639","qualifier_name":"trends","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D040761","descriptor_name":"Biomimetic Materials","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D040761","descriptor_name":"Biomimetic Materials","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D040761","descriptor_name":"Biomimetic Materials","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D057005","descriptor_name":"Bioengineering","qualifier_ui":"Q000639","qualifier_name":"trends","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D057005","descriptor_name":"Bioengineering","qualifier_ui":"Q000639","qualifier_name":"trends","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D057005","descriptor_name":"Bioengineering","qualifier_ui":"Q000639","qualifier_name":"trends","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1126/scirobotics.aba6149","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1126/scirobotics.aba6149","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210213233","display_name":"Science Robotics","issn_l":"2470-9476","issn":["2470-9476"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315823","host_organization_name":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315823"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Association for the Advancement of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Science Robotics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:33022591","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33022591","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Science robotics","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3092722654","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IOS-1456471","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":7,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2463052324","https://openalex.org/W2770984632","https://openalex.org/W2787690100","https://openalex.org/W2888908334","https://openalex.org/W2897726342","https://openalex.org/W2999228461","https://openalex.org/W3002176620"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2656997359","https://openalex.org/W2022021367","https://openalex.org/W1973385172","https://openalex.org/W2083510688","https://openalex.org/W2294820933","https://openalex.org/W4240110559","https://openalex.org/W4319430762","https://openalex.org/W2804137150","https://openalex.org/W2119515360","https://openalex.org/W2804154309"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Biology":[0],"has":[1],"inspired":[2],"the":[3],"development":[4],"of":[5],"agile":[6],"robots,":[7],"and":[8],"it":[9],"is":[10],"now":[11],"teaching":[12],"us":[13],"how":[14],"to":[15],"grow":[16],"machines":[17],"from":[18],"living":[19],"cells.":[20]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}