{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1985888958","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.476820","title":"<title>Limits of error correction coding in video watermarking</title>","display_name":"<title>Limits of error correction coding in video watermarking</title>","publication_year":2003,"publication_date":"2003-06-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1985888958","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.476820","mag":"1985888958"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1117/12.476820","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.476820","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S183492911","display_name":"Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE","issn_l":"0277-786X","issn":["0277-786X","1996-756X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315543","host_organization_name":"SPIE","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315543"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SPIE"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SPIE Proceedings","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077402042","display_name":"Marcel Ambroze","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9021-1095"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I897542642","display_name":"University of Plymouth","ror":"https://ror.org/008n7pv89","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I897542642"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Marcel Ambroze","raw_affiliation_strings":["Univ. of Plymouth (United Kingdom)","University of Plymouth , United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. of Plymouth (United Kingdom)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I897542642"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Plymouth , United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I897542642"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113824568","display_name":"Martin Tomlinson","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I897542642","display_name":"University of Plymouth","ror":"https://ror.org/008n7pv89","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I897542642"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Martin Tomlinson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Univ. of Plymouth (United Kingdom)","University of Plymouth , United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. of Plymouth (United Kingdom)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I897542642"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Plymouth , United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I897542642"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002341106","display_name":"C.V. Serdean","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20581793","display_name":"University of Kent","ror":"https://ror.org/00xkeyj56","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20581793"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cristian Serdean","raw_affiliation_strings":["Univ. of Kent (United Kingdom)","University of Kent , United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. of Kent (United Kingdom)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20581793"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Kent , United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20581793"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024817753","display_name":"Graham Wade","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78757542","display_name":"University of Newcastle Australia","ror":"https://ror.org/00eae9z71","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78757542"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Graham Wade","raw_affiliation_strings":["Univ. of Newcastle (Australia)","#N##TAB##TAB##TAB##TAB# University of Newcastle, Australia#N##TAB##TAB##TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. of Newcastle (Australia)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78757542"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"#N##TAB##TAB##TAB##TAB# University of Newcastle, Australia#N##TAB##TAB##TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78757542"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5077402042"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I897542642"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.11379348,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"5020","issue":null,"first_page":"594","last_page":"603"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12162","display_name":"Cellular Automata and Applications","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.6954828500747681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/repetition-code","display_name":"Repetition code","score":0.6228097677230835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/concatenated-error-correction-code","display_name":"Concatenated error correction code","score":0.5910777449607849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noisy-channel-coding-theorem","display_name":"Noisy-channel coding theorem","score":0.5677512288093567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code-rate","display_name":"Code rate","score":0.5496637225151062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.547095000743866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constant-weight-code","display_name":"Constant-weight code","score":0.5362709164619446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variable-length-code","display_name":"Variable-length code","score":0.5222243070602417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polynomial-code","display_name":"Polynomial code","score":0.49178603291511536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/forward-error-correction","display_name":"Forward error correction","score":0.4908478856086731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/turbo-code","display_name":"Turbo code","score":0.4831082820892334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/low-density-parity-check-code","display_name":"Low-density parity-check code","score":0.467519074678421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-watermarking","display_name":"Digital watermarking","score":0.4588516354560852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/additive-white-gaussian-noise","display_name":"Additive white Gaussian noise","score":0.45005863904953003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bch-code","display_name":"BCH code","score":0.4439379870891571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linear-code","display_name":"Linear code","score":0.41487085819244385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/error-detection-and-correction","display_name":"Error detection and correction","score":0.41198551654815674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/block-code","display_name":"Block code","score":0.39477548003196716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decoding-methods","display_name":"Decoding methods","score":0.29756665229797363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.2869107127189636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.1975994110107422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.0740824043750763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.07269662618637085}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.6954828500747681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194405637","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q369367","display_name":"Repetition code","level":5,"score":0.6228097677230835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78944582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5158264","display_name":"Concatenated error correction code","level":4,"score":0.5910777449607849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103073706","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2345282","display_name":"Noisy-channel coding theorem","level":5,"score":0.5677512288093567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206468330","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q834373","display_name":"Code rate","level":3,"score":0.5496637225151062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.547095000743866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197242373","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5163613","display_name":"Constant-weight code","level":5,"score":0.5362709164619446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60603091","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2981616","display_name":"Variable-length code","level":3,"score":0.5222243070602417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39635130","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7226636","display_name":"Polynomial code","level":5,"score":0.49178603291511536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202932441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55611017","display_name":"Forward error correction","level":3,"score":0.4908478856086731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114504821","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2164281","display_name":"Turbo code","level":3,"score":0.4831082820892334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67692717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187444","display_name":"Low-density parity-check code","level":3,"score":0.467519074678421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150817343","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875932","display_name":"Digital watermarking","level":3,"score":0.4588516354560852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169334058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q353292","display_name":"Additive white Gaussian noise","level":3,"score":0.45005863904953003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42276685","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q795705","display_name":"BCH code","level":3,"score":0.4439379870891571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2400350","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1752667","display_name":"Linear code","level":4,"score":0.41487085819244385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103088060","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062839","display_name":"Error detection and correction","level":2,"score":0.41198551654815674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157125643","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q884707","display_name":"Block code","level":3,"score":0.39477548003196716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57273362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576722","display_name":"Decoding methods","level":2,"score":0.29756665229797363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.2869107127189636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.1975994110107422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0740824043750763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.07269662618637085}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1117/12.476820","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.476820","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S183492911","display_name":"Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE","issn_l":"0277-786X","issn":["0277-786X","1996-756X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315543","host_organization_name":"SPIE","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315543"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SPIE"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SPIE Proceedings","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.67.8935","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.67.8935","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.serdean.com/papers/spie03.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1598509179","https://openalex.org/W1619724041","https://openalex.org/W1968368234","https://openalex.org/W1976109068","https://openalex.org/W1995875735","https://openalex.org/W2004185634","https://openalex.org/W2021046462","https://openalex.org/W2038885533","https://openalex.org/W2069286728","https://openalex.org/W2070741870","https://openalex.org/W2107465879","https://openalex.org/W2121606987","https://openalex.org/W2124332809","https://openalex.org/W2153830221","https://openalex.org/W2987657883"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2171391334","https://openalex.org/W4250402636","https://openalex.org/W2082705204","https://openalex.org/W1631960500","https://openalex.org/W2151458981","https://openalex.org/W1988258635","https://openalex.org/W2361823661","https://openalex.org/W1985888958","https://openalex.org/W2372352601","https://openalex.org/W2374812910"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,14,43,186],"paper":[1],"discusses":[2],"the":[3,21,28,38,47,53,60,80,86,134,138,149,179,183],"limits":[4],"of":[5,46,55,145,147,158,178,182],"error":[6,15,81,107,126,139],"correction":[7,16,140],"coding":[8,96],"for":[9,94,120,193],"spread":[10],"spectrum-based":[11],"video":[12,39],"watermarking.":[13],"code":[17,57,83,141,181],"has":[18],"as":[19,26,64,79,164],"input":[20],"watermark":[22,48],"data":[23,44],"bits":[24],"and":[25,34,124,161,167,172,197],"output":[27],"values":[29],"which":[30,117,148],"will":[31],"be":[32],"scaled":[33],"used":[35,78],"to":[36,84,89,103,132,176],"modify":[37],"pixels":[40],"(transform":[41],"coefficients).":[42],"rate":[45,190],"can":[49],"increase":[50],"only":[51],"at":[52],"expense":[54],"increasing":[56],"rate.":[58],"Theoretically,":[59],"scheme":[61,97],"is":[62,111,118,142,151,191],"seen":[63],"a":[65,95,99,105,143,152],"communication":[66],"channel":[67,136],"with":[68,98],"Gaussian":[69,135],"additive":[70],"noise":[71,90],"interference.":[72],"Shannon's":[73,114],"(ideal)":[74],"spherical":[75],"codes":[76,157,166,169],"are":[77,170],"correcting":[82],"calculate":[85],"minimum":[87],"signal":[88],"ratio":[91],"(SNR)":[92],"necessary":[93],"given":[100,106],"block":[101,122,188],"length":[102,160],"achieve":[104],"probability.":[108,127],"This":[109],"limit":[110],"different":[112,159],"from":[113],"asymptotic":[115],"limit,":[116],"valid":[119],"infinite":[121],"lengths":[123],"zero":[125],"In":[128],"practice,":[129],"in":[130],"order":[131],"verify":[133],"assumption,":[137],"concatenation":[144],"codes,":[146],"innermost":[150],"repetition":[153],"code.":[154],"Several":[155],"practical":[156],"rates,":[162],"such":[163],"turbo":[165],"BCH":[168],"investigated":[171,192],"their":[173],"performance":[174],"compared":[175],"that":[177],"ideal":[180],"same":[184],"size.":[185],"compromise":[187],"length/code":[189],"several":[194],"marking":[195],"schemes":[196],"attacks.":[198]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}