{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2751829337","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2274234","title":"Wave optics simulation of statistically rough surface scatter","display_name":"Wave optics simulation of statistically rough surface scatter","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-09-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2751829337","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2274234","mag":"2751829337"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1117/12.2274234","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2274234","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Earth Observing Systems XXII","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090599905","display_name":"Samuel D. Butler","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5127-6125"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Samuel D. Butler","raw_affiliation_strings":["Air Force Institute of Technology (United States)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Air Force Institute of Technology (United States)","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017108007","display_name":"Michael A. Marciniak","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2879-5565"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael A. Marciniak","raw_affiliation_strings":["Air Force Institute of Technology (United States)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Air Force Institute of Technology (United States)","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047221928","display_name":"Mark F. Spencer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3803-3938"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1280414376","display_name":"United States Air Force Research Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2egq70","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1280414376","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I4210102105","https://openalex.org/I4389425425"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mark F. Spencer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Air Force Research Lab. (United States)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Air Force Research Lab. (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1280414376"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002660012","display_name":"Ann Lanari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-5525-9764"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I430641","display_name":"United States Air Force Academy","ror":"https://ror.org/0055d0g64","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I4210089612","https://openalex.org/I4210102105","https://openalex.org/I430641"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ann Lanari","raw_affiliation_strings":["United States Air Force Academy (United States)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"United States Air Force Academy (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I430641"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5090599905"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.2401,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.5418442,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"9205","issue":null,"first_page":"42","last_page":"42"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13049","display_name":"Surface Roughness and Optical Measurements","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13049","display_name":"Surface Roughness and Optical Measurements","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9864000082015991,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10481","display_name":"Computer Graphics and Visualization Techniques","score":0.9853000044822693,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1704","display_name":"Computer Graphics and Computer-Aided Design"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bidirectional-reflectance-distribution-function","display_name":"Bidirectional reflectance distribution function","score":0.8734613060951233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.7179621458053589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.5817577242851257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometrical-optics","display_name":"Geometrical optics","score":0.5813302397727966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-optics","display_name":"Physical optics","score":0.5220584869384766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wavelength","display_name":"Wavelength","score":0.5090672373771667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/specular-reflection","display_name":"Specular reflection","score":0.48929402232170105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiance","display_name":"Radiance","score":0.46159812808036804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fresnel-zone","display_name":"Fresnel zone","score":0.4268838167190552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fresnel-diffraction","display_name":"Fresnel diffraction","score":0.41764628887176514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diffraction","display_name":"Diffraction","score":0.3414883613586426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reflectivity","display_name":"Reflectivity","score":0.09268584847450256}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151596937","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q856980","display_name":"Bidirectional reflectance distribution function","level":3,"score":0.8734613060951233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.7179621458053589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.5817577242851257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110277352","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q467980","display_name":"Geometrical optics","level":2,"score":0.5813302397727966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154236941","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q942347","display_name":"Physical optics","level":2,"score":0.5220584869384766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6260449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41364","display_name":"Wavelength","level":2,"score":0.5090672373771667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118381688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1079524","display_name":"Specular reflection","level":2,"score":0.48929402232170105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23690007","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1411145","display_name":"Radiance","level":2,"score":0.46159812808036804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200292535","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1455719","display_name":"Fresnel zone","level":3,"score":0.4268838167190552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50282329","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2286895","display_name":"Fresnel diffraction","level":3,"score":0.41764628887176514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207114421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133900","display_name":"Diffraction","level":2,"score":0.3414883613586426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108597893","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q663650","display_name":"Reflectivity","level":2,"score":0.09268584847450256}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1117/12.2274234","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2274234","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Earth Observing Systems XXII","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4699999988079071,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W606068609","https://openalex.org/W1496847388","https://openalex.org/W2019884571","https://openalex.org/W2069613383","https://openalex.org/W2104587129","https://openalex.org/W2151728437","https://openalex.org/W2243083462","https://openalex.org/W2495792979","https://openalex.org/W2770103060","https://openalex.org/W3020702147","https://openalex.org/W4232869704","https://openalex.org/W4300420063","https://openalex.org/W6600575321","https://openalex.org/W6667793723"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1664558226","https://openalex.org/W1599984011","https://openalex.org/W2023323959","https://openalex.org/W2021430878","https://openalex.org/W2078276056","https://openalex.org/W2368778209","https://openalex.org/W2063874618","https://openalex.org/W1540293697","https://openalex.org/W3093749016","https://openalex.org/W2086829433"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,106,152,178,225],"bidirectional":[1],"reflectance":[2],"distribution":[3],"function":[4],"(BRDF)":[5],"describes":[6],"optical":[7],"scatter":[8,154,181,214,244],"from":[9,78,146,172],"surfaces":[10,86,131],"by":[11,36],"relating":[12],"the":[13,17,21,46,72,127,161],"incident":[14],"irradiance":[15],"to":[16,43,53,70,121,149,157,175,184],"exiting":[18],"radiance":[19],"over":[20,240],"entire":[22],"hemisphere.":[23],"Laboratory":[24],"verification":[25],"of":[26,38,64,90,97,103,118],"BRDF":[27,32,190,198],"models":[28],"and":[29,41,60,84,100,168,195,201],"experimentally":[30],"populated":[31],"databases":[33],"are":[34,51,132,232],"hampered":[35],"sparsity":[37],"monochromatic":[39],"sources":[40],"ability":[42],"statistically":[44],"control":[45,54],"surface":[47,55,95,107,220,248],"features.":[48],"Numerical":[49],"methods":[50,63],"able":[52],"features,":[56],"have":[57],"wavelength":[58,145],"agility,":[59],"via":[61],"Fourier":[62],"wave":[65,188],"propagation,":[66],"may":[67],"be":[68],"used":[69],"fill":[71],"knowledge":[73],"gap.":[74],"Monte-Carlo":[75],"techniques,":[76],"adapted":[77],"turbulence":[79],"simulations,":[80],"generate":[81],"Gaussian":[82],"distributed":[83],"correlated":[85],"with":[87,115,138,212],"an":[88,116],"area":[89,117],"1":[91],"cm<sup>2</sup>":[92,120],",":[93],"RMS":[94,219,247],"height":[96],"2.5":[98],"&mu;m,":[99],"correlation":[101],"length":[102],"100":[104],"&mu;m.":[105,151],"is":[108,155,182,210],"centered":[109],"inside":[110],"a":[111,139,158,186],"Kirchhoff":[112],"absorbing":[113],"boundary":[114],"16":[119],"prevent":[122],"wrap":[123],"around":[124],"aliasing":[125],"in":[126,144,160],"far":[128,162,179,242],"field.":[129],"These":[130],"uniformly":[133],"illuminated":[134],"at":[135,170],"normal":[136],"incidence":[137],"unit":[140],"amplitude":[141],"plane-wave":[142],"varying":[143],"3":[147],"&mu;m":[148],"5":[150],"resultant":[153],"propagated":[156],"detector":[159],"field":[163,180,243],"utilizing":[164],"multi-step":[165],"Fresnel":[166],"Convolution":[167],"observed":[169],"angles":[171],"\u22122":[173],"&mu;rad":[174],"2":[176],"&mu;rad.":[177],"compared":[183],"both":[185],"physical":[187],"optics":[189],"model":[191,238],"(Modified":[192],"Beckmann":[193,204],"Kirchhoff)":[194],"two":[196],"microfacet":[197,226],"Models":[199],"(Priest,":[200],"Cook-Torrance).":[202],"Modified":[203],"Kirchhoff,":[205],"which":[206,228],"accounts":[207],"for":[208,215,218,246],"diffraction,":[209],"consistent":[211,234],"simulated":[213],"multiple":[216],"wavelengths":[217],"heights":[221,249],"greater":[222],"than":[223,251],"&lambda;/2.":[224,252],"models,":[227],"assume":[229],"geometric":[230],"optics,":[231],"less":[233,250],"across":[235],"wavelengths.":[236],"Both":[237],"types":[239],"predict":[241],"width":[245]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}