{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2045328370","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2030812","title":"Manifold based methods in facial expression recognition","display_name":"Manifold based methods in facial expression recognition","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-07-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2045328370","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2030812","mag":"2045328370"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1117/12.2030812","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2030812","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S183492911","display_name":"Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE","issn_l":"0277-786X","issn":["0277-786X","1996-756X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315543","host_organization_name":"SPIE","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315543"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SPIE"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SPIE Proceedings","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051933409","display_name":"Kun Xie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8191-2786"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162608824","display_name":"University of Sussex","ror":"https://ror.org/00ayhx656","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162608824"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kun Xie","raw_affiliation_strings":["Univ. of Sussex (United Kingdom)","University of Sussex, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. of Sussex (United Kingdom)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162608824"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Sussex, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162608824"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5051933409"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162608824"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.4156,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.59820229,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"8878","issue":null,"first_page":"887831","last_page":"887831"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9876000285148621,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9876000285148621,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13731","display_name":"Advanced Computing and Algorithms","score":0.925599992275238,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3322","display_name":"Urban Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nonlinear-dimensionality-reduction","display_name":"Nonlinear dimensionality reduction","score":0.7657096982002258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dimensionality-reduction","display_name":"Dimensionality reduction","score":0.7251368165016174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6838018894195557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6653563976287842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laplace-operator","display_name":"Laplace operator","score":0.611739456653595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/isomap","display_name":"Isomap","score":0.5818767547607422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/manifold-alignment","display_name":"Manifold alignment","score":0.5775244235992432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/principal-component-analysis","display_name":"Principal component analysis","score":0.5517723560333252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.5324429273605347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5039853453636169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.4916601777076721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/curse-of-dimensionality","display_name":"Curse of dimensionality","score":0.46697402000427246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-expression","display_name":"Facial expression","score":0.4417482614517212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.4402669072151184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.42823877930641174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.4118732511997223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/manifold","display_name":"Manifold (fluid mechanics)","score":0.411729097366333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.08415853977203369}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151876577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7049464","display_name":"Nonlinear dimensionality reduction","level":3,"score":0.7657096982002258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70518039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16000077","display_name":"Dimensionality reduction","level":2,"score":0.7251368165016174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6838018894195557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6653563976287842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165700671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q203484","display_name":"Laplace operator","level":2,"score":0.611739456653595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778626561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6086067","display_name":"Isomap","level":4,"score":0.5818767547607422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153120616","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17068315","display_name":"Manifold alignment","level":4,"score":0.5775244235992432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27438332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2873","display_name":"Principal component analysis","level":2,"score":0.5517723560333252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.5324429273605347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5039853453636169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.4916601777076721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111030470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1430460","display_name":"Curse of dimensionality","level":2,"score":0.46697402000427246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195704467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327968","display_name":"Facial expression","level":2,"score":0.4417482614517212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.4402669072151184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.42823877930641174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.4118732511997223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C529865628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1790740","display_name":"Manifold (fluid mechanics)","level":2,"score":0.411729097366333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.08415853977203369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1117/12.2030812","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2030812","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S183492911","display_name":"Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE","issn_l":"0277-786X","issn":["0277-786X","1996-756X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315543","host_organization_name":"SPIE","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315543"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SPIE"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SPIE Proceedings","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.4699999988079071,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2375518579","https://openalex.org/W2366334780","https://openalex.org/W2383781046","https://openalex.org/W2014252850","https://openalex.org/W2385862161","https://openalex.org/W1590368632","https://openalex.org/W3089741428","https://openalex.org/W2283921858","https://openalex.org/W2170058261","https://openalex.org/W2129138585"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,28],"paper":[1,53],"describes":[2],"a":[3],"novel":[4],"method":[5,39,93,104],"for":[6,59,67],"facial":[7,68,111],"expression":[8,69,112],"recognition":[9,107],"based":[10],"on":[11,56],"non-linear":[12,91],"manifold":[13,57,92,98],"techniques.":[14],"The":[15],"graph-based":[16],"algorithms":[17],"are":[18],"designed":[19],"to":[20,44],"treat":[21],"structure":[22],"in":[23],"data,":[24],"and":[25,62,80,84,100],"regularize":[26],"accordingly.":[27],"same":[29],"goal":[30],"is":[31],"shared":[32],"by":[33,75],"several":[34],"other":[35],"algorithms,":[36],"from":[37],"linear":[38,97,103,115],"principal":[40],"components":[41],"analysis":[42],"(PCA)":[43],"modern":[45],"variants":[46],"such":[47],"as":[48],"Laplacian":[49,65],"eigenmaps.":[50],"In":[51],"this":[52],"we":[54],"focus":[55],"learning":[58],"dimensionality":[60],"reduction":[61],"clustering":[63],"using":[64,76,114],"eigenmaps":[66],"recognition.":[70],"We":[71],"evaluate":[72],"the":[73,78,86,89,95,101,110],"algorithm":[74],"all":[77],"pixels":[79],"selected":[81],"features":[82],"respectively":[83],"compare":[85],"performance":[87],"of":[88],"proposed":[90],"with":[94],"previous":[96],"approach,":[99],"non":[102],"produces":[105],"higher":[106],"rate":[108],"than":[109],"representation":[113],"methods.":[116]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-30T17:31:21.811387","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}