{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1982203510","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.335821","title":"Word-level optimization of dynamic programming-based handwritten word recognition algorithms","display_name":"Word-level optimization of dynamic programming-based handwritten word recognition algorithms","publication_year":1999,"publication_date":"1999-01-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1982203510","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.335821","mag":"1982203510"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1117/12.335821","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.335821","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S183492911","display_name":"Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE","issn_l":"0277-786X","issn":["0277-786X","1996-756X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315543","host_organization_name":"SPIE","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315543"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SPIE"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SPIE Proceedings","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057277525","display_name":"Paul Gader","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6276-9403"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76835614","display_name":"University of Missouri","ror":"https://ror.org/02ymw8z06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76835614"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Paul D. Gader","raw_affiliation_strings":["Univ. of Missouri/Columbia (USA)","University of Missouri, Columbia, United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. of Missouri/Columbia (USA)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76835614"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Missouri, Columbia, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76835614"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056202254","display_name":"Wen-Tsong Chen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76835614","display_name":"University of Missouri","ror":"https://ror.org/02ymw8z06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76835614"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wen-Tsong Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Univ. of Missouri/Columbia (USA)","University of Missouri, Columbia, United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. of Missouri/Columbia (USA)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76835614"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Missouri, Columbia, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76835614"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5057277525"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76835614"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.12142095,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"3651","issue":null,"first_page":"50","last_page":"50"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9948999881744385,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11550","display_name":"Text and Document Classification Technologies","score":0.9812999963760376,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7879433035850525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word","display_name":"Word (group theory)","score":0.7079969644546509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intelligent-word-recognition","display_name":"Intelligent word recognition","score":0.6970596313476562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/character","display_name":"Character (mathematics)","score":0.6848546266555786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5834884643554688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word-recognition","display_name":"Word recognition","score":0.5813950300216675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lexicon","display_name":"Lexicon","score":0.5513720512390137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.4991335868835449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dynamic-programming","display_name":"Dynamic programming","score":0.4965530037879944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.46617746353149414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/handwriting-recognition","display_name":"Handwriting recognition","score":0.46234646439552307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.43784040212631226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.41067180037498474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intelligent-character-recognition","display_name":"Intelligent character recognition","score":0.39144957065582275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.3377334177494049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.2943001389503479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/character-recognition","display_name":"Character recognition","score":0.2506392002105713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.13971039652824402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.07440134882926941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.06847283244132996}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7879433035850525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90805587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10944557","display_name":"Word (group theory)","level":2,"score":0.7079969644546509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17649283","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6044162","display_name":"Intelligent word recognition","level":5,"score":0.6970596313476562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780861071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062934","display_name":"Character (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.6848546266555786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5834884643554688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150856459","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8034367","display_name":"Word recognition","level":3,"score":0.5813950300216675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778121359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8096","display_name":"Lexicon","level":2,"score":0.5513720512390137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.4991335868835449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37404715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380679","display_name":"Dynamic programming","level":2,"score":0.4965530037879944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.46617746353149414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112640561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2440634","display_name":"Handwriting recognition","level":3,"score":0.46234646439552307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.43784040212631226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.41067180037498474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44868376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3099089","display_name":"Intelligent character recognition","level":4,"score":0.39144957065582275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.3377334177494049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.2943001389503479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987247673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167555","display_name":"Character recognition","level":3,"score":0.2506392002105713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.13971039652824402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.07440134882926941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.06847283244132996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554936623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199657","display_name":"Reading (process)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1117/12.335821","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.335821","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S183492911","display_name":"Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE","issn_l":"0277-786X","issn":["0277-786X","1996-756X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315543","host_organization_name":"SPIE","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315543"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SPIE"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SPIE Proceedings","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4309724674","https://openalex.org/W2891374022","https://openalex.org/W4383503016","https://openalex.org/W4379619998","https://openalex.org/W2584088274","https://openalex.org/W4206266975","https://openalex.org/W2131831414","https://openalex.org/W4398756423","https://openalex.org/W2590218447","https://openalex.org/W2095300807"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,38],"the":[1,31],"standard":[2,47],"segmentation-based":[3],"approach":[4],"to":[5,27,45,53],"lexicon-":[6],"driven":[7],"handwritten":[8],"word":[9],"recognition,":[10],"character":[11],"recognition":[12],"algorithms":[13],"are":[14,25,49],"generally":[15],"trained":[16],"on":[17],"isolated":[18],"characters":[19],"and":[20],"individual":[21],"character-class":[22],"confidence":[23],"scores":[24],"combined":[26],"estimate":[28],"confidences":[29],"in":[30],"various":[32],"hypothesized":[33],"identities":[34],"for":[35],"a":[36],"word.":[37],"this":[39],"paper,":[40],"results":[41],"from":[42],"investigating":[43],"alternatives":[44],"these":[46,54],"methods":[48,56],"presented.":[50],"We":[51],"refer":[52],"alternative":[55],"as":[57],"system-level":[58],"optimization":[59],"methods.":[60]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-09T08:58:05.943551","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}