{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4363650281","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2654504","title":"Large-Scale Granger Causality (lsGC) for classification of schizophrenia using functional MRI","display_name":"Large-Scale Granger Causality (lsGC) for classification of schizophrenia using functional MRI","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-04-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4363650281","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2654504"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1117/12.2654504","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2654504","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Medical Imaging 2023: Biomedical Applications in Molecular, Structural, and Functional Imaging","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036396088","display_name":"Axel Wism\u00fcller","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8204097","display_name":"Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen","ror":"https://ror.org/05591te55","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8204097"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5388228","display_name":"University of Rochester","ror":"https://ror.org/022kthw22","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5388228"]}],"countries":["DE","US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Axel Wism\u00fcller","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ludwig Maximilian Univ. (Germany)","Univ. of Rochester (United States)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ludwig Maximilian Univ. (Germany)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8204097"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. of Rochester (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5388228"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058314486","display_name":"Ali Vosoughi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1014-2937"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5388228","display_name":"University of Rochester","ror":"https://ror.org/022kthw22","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5388228"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ali Vosoughi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Univ. of Rochester (United States)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. of Rochester (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5388228"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090064820","display_name":"Akhil Kasturi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5388228","display_name":"University of Rochester","ror":"https://ror.org/022kthw22","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5388228"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Akhil Kasturi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Univ. of Rochester (United States)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. of Rochester (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5388228"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041776747","display_name":"Nathan Hadjiyski","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5388228","display_name":"University of Rochester","ror":"https://ror.org/022kthw22","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5388228"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nathan Hadjiyski","raw_affiliation_strings":["Univ. of Rochester (United States)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. of Rochester (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5388228"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5036396088"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5388228","https://openalex.org/I8204097"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.1813,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.78236001,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"43","last_page":"43"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11304","display_name":"Advanced Neuroimaging Techniques and Applications","score":0.9939000010490417,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11304","display_name":"Advanced Neuroimaging Techniques and Applications","score":0.9939000010490417,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10241","display_name":"Functional Brain Connectivity Studies","score":0.9930999875068665,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10378","display_name":"Advanced MRI Techniques and Applications","score":0.9900000095367432,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/granger-causality","display_name":"Granger causality","score":0.7628554105758667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/schizophrenia","display_name":"Schizophrenia (object-oriented programming)","score":0.6534997224807739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","score":0.6069629192352295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6013500690460205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5141320824623108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4716224670410156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/causality","display_name":"Causality (physics)","score":0.4656943082809448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/functional-magnetic-resonance-imaging","display_name":"Functional magnetic resonance imaging","score":0.42226871848106384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.413303017616272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroscience","display_name":"Neuroscience","score":0.345312237739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/econometrics","display_name":"Econometrics","score":0.32338887453079224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.2765697240829468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.24204933643341064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography","display_name":"Cartography","score":0.12596547603607178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.11069676280021667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.09639579057693481}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129824826","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2630107","display_name":"Granger causality","level":2,"score":0.7628554105758667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776412080","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7431605","display_name":"Schizophrenia (object-oriented programming)","level":2,"score":0.6534997224807739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.6069629192352295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6013500690460205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5141320824623108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4716224670410156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64357122","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1149766","display_name":"Causality (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4656943082809448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779226451","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q903809","display_name":"Functional magnetic resonance imaging","level":2,"score":0.42226871848106384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.413303017616272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.345312237739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.32338887453079224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.2765697240829468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.24204933643341064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.12596547603607178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.11069676280021667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.09639579057693481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1117/12.2654504","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2654504","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Medical Imaging 2023: Biomedical Applications in Molecular, Structural, and Functional Imaging","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W126301054","https://openalex.org/W4251195004","https://openalex.org/W4242807451","https://openalex.org/W2127540830","https://openalex.org/W3146892535","https://openalex.org/W2035792466","https://openalex.org/W2977645287","https://openalex.org/W4251418261","https://openalex.org/W1972675643","https://openalex.org/W2154758532"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Schizophrenia":[0],"is":[1,198],"associated":[2],"with":[3,30,138,163,205],"alternations":[4],"in":[5,36,62,142],"brain":[6,102],"network":[7],"connectivity.":[8],"We":[9,100],"investigate":[10],"whether":[11],"large-scale":[12],"Granger":[13],"Causality":[14],"(lsGC)":[15],"can":[16],"capture":[17],"such":[18],"alterations":[19],"using":[20,84,127],"resting-state":[21],"fMRI":[22,47,82],"data.":[23],"Our":[24,226],"method":[25],"utilizes":[26],"dimension":[27],"reduction":[28],"combined":[29],"the":[31,55,58,63,72,91,143,178,202,229],"augmentation":[32],"of":[33,57,65,74,87,93,149,170,185,193,231],"source":[34],"time-series":[35,39],"a":[37,50,85,128,146,234],"predictive":[38],"model":[40],"for":[41,109,195,238],"estimating":[42],"directed":[43],"causal":[44],"relationships":[45],"among":[46],"time-series.":[48,68],"As":[49],"multivariate":[51],"approach,":[52],"lsGC":[53,75,106,232],"identifies":[54],"relationship":[56],"underlying":[59],"dynamic":[60],"system":[61],"presence":[64],"all":[66,190],"other":[67,154,215],"Here,":[69],"we":[70,114,134,166],"examine":[71],"ability":[73],"to":[76],"accurately":[77],"identify":[78],"schizophrenia":[79],"patients":[80],"from":[81,90],"data":[83,98,161],"subset":[86],"31":[88],"subjects":[89],"Centers":[92],"Biomedical":[94],"Research":[95],"Excellence":[96],"(COBRE)":[97],"repository.":[99],"use":[101],"connections":[103],"estimated":[104],"by":[105,118,125],"as":[107,145,233],"features":[108,194],"classification.":[110],"After":[111],"feature":[112,116],"extraction,":[113],"perform":[115],"selection":[117],"Kendall\u2019s":[119],"tau":[120],"rank":[121],"correlation":[122],"coefficient":[123],"followed":[124],"classification":[126],"support":[129],"vector":[130],"machine.":[131],"For":[132],"reference,":[133],"compare":[135],"our":[136],"results":[137,203,227],"cross-correlation,":[139],"typically":[140],"used":[141],"literature":[144],"standard":[147,155],"measure":[148],"functional":[150],"connectivity,":[151],"and":[152,174,213,223],"several":[153],"methods.":[156,225],"Using":[157],"100":[158],"different":[159],"training/test":[160],"splits":[162],"10-fold":[164],"cross-validation":[165],"obtain":[167],"mean/std":[168],"f1-scores":[169],"84.20%":[171],"\u00b1":[172,187,208,211],"20.42%":[173],"mean":[175],"Area":[176],"Under":[177],"receiver":[179],"operating":[180],"characteristic":[181],"Curve":[182],"(AUC)":[183],"values":[184],"94.50%":[186],"15.24%":[188],"across":[189],"tested":[191],"numbers":[192],"lsGC,":[196],"which":[197],"significantly":[199],"better":[200],"than":[201],"obtained":[204],"cross-correlation":[206],"(AUC=64.50%":[207],"33.39%,":[209],"f1-score=46.67%":[210],"34.01%),":[212],"multiple":[214],"competing":[216],"methods,":[217],"including":[218],"partial":[219],"correlation,":[220],"tangent,":[221],"precision,":[222],"covariance":[224],"suggest":[228],"applicability":[230],"potential":[235],"imaging":[236],"biomarker":[237],"schizophrenia.":[239]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-12-22T23:10:17.713674","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}