{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4362693528","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2654307","title":"Multi-scale local explanation approach for image analysis using model-agnostic Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","display_name":"Multi-scale local explanation approach for image analysis using model-agnostic Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-04-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4362693528","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2654307"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1117/12.2654307","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2654307","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Medical Imaging 2023: Digital and Computational Pathology","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021378036","display_name":"Hooria Hajiyan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39470171","display_name":"Ontario Tech University","ror":"https://ror.org/016zre027","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39470171"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hooria Hajiyan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ontario Tech Univ. (Canada)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ontario Tech Univ. (Canada)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39470171"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088051228","display_name":"Mehran Ebrahimi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3980-9582"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39470171","display_name":"Ontario Tech University","ror":"https://ror.org/016zre027","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39470171"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mehran Ebrahimi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ontario Tech Univ. (Canada)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ontario Tech Univ. (Canada)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39470171"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39470171"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.8712,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.72829487,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"62","last_page":"62"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.9915000200271606,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.9915000200271606,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12422","display_name":"Radiomics and Machine Learning in Medical Imaging","score":0.9853000044822693,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.9641000032424927,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7655026316642761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7423591613769531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","score":0.6554415225982666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.6296994686126709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/weighting","display_name":"Weighting","score":0.6190150380134583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4929678440093994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.48482242226600647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.47825944423675537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheme","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","score":0.4305022358894348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4300917088985443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.14298000931739807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.054972946643829346}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7655026316642761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7423591613769531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.6554415225982666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.6296994686126709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183115368","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q856577","display_name":"Weighting","level":2,"score":0.6190150380134583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4929678440093994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.48482242226600647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.47825944423675537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4305022358894348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4300917088985443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.14298000931739807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.054972946643829346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1117/12.2654307","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2654307","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Medical Imaging 2023: Digital and Computational Pathology","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.47999998927116394}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2180954594","https://openalex.org/W2052835778","https://openalex.org/W2043505748","https://openalex.org/W4226493464","https://openalex.org/W4312417841","https://openalex.org/W3133861977","https://openalex.org/W2951211570","https://openalex.org/W3103566983","https://openalex.org/W3167935049","https://openalex.org/W3029198973"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,195],"recent":[1],"success":[2],"of":[3,27,35,48,50,74,92,111,179],"deep":[4,36],"neural":[5],"networks":[6],"has":[7,17,61],"generated":[8],"remarkable":[9],"growth":[10],"in":[11,71,132],"Artificial":[12,58],"Intelligence":[13,59],"(AI)":[14],"research":[15],"and":[16,87,158,207],"received":[18],"much":[19],"interest":[20],"over":[21],"the":[22,28,32,46,72,133,138,146,188,199,204,208],"past":[23],"few":[24],"years.":[25],"One":[26],"main":[29],"challenges":[30],"for":[31,175],"broad":[33],"adoption":[34],"learning-based":[37],"models":[38,108],"such":[39],"as":[40],"Convolutional":[41],"Neural":[42],"Networks":[43],"(CNN)":[44],"is":[45],"lack":[47],"understanding":[49],"their":[51],"decisions.":[52],"To":[53],"address":[54],"this":[55],"issue,":[56],"Explainable":[57],"(XAI)":[60],"been":[62],"proposed":[63,147,189],"to":[64,76,85,99,102,113,165,203],"shift":[65],"toward":[66],"more":[67],"transparent":[68],"AI,":[69],"resulting":[70],"development":[73],"techniques":[75],"explain":[77,103],"decisions":[78,104],"by":[79,106],"AI":[80],"models.":[81],"This":[82],"paper":[83],"aims":[84],"explore":[86],"develop":[88],"a":[89,124],"multi-scale":[90,148,176,190],"scheme":[91],"LIME":[93,119],"(Local":[94],"Interpretable":[95],"Model-Agnostic":[96],"Explanations)":[97],"applied":[98],"image":[100],"classification":[101,177],"made":[105],"CNN":[107],"through":[109],"heatmaps":[110,178],"coarse":[112,125],"finer":[114,143],"scales.":[115,172],"More":[116,184],"precisely,":[117],"when":[118],"highlights":[120],"large":[121],"superpixels":[122],"from":[123,170],"scale,":[126],"there":[127],"may":[128],"be":[129,163],"smaller":[130],"regions":[131],"corresponding":[134],"superpixel":[135],"that":[136,198],"influenced":[137],"model\u2019s":[139],"prediction":[140],"at":[141],"some":[142],"scale.":[144],"In":[145],"scheme,":[149],"two":[150],"weighting":[151],"approaches,":[152],"one":[153],"based":[154],"on":[155,192],"Gaussian":[156],"distribution":[157],"another":[159],"parameter-free":[160],"framework":[161],"will":[162],"introduced":[164],"produce":[166],"visual":[167],"explanations":[168,200],"observed":[169],"different":[171],"Promising":[173],"results":[174,196],"histopathology":[180],"images":[181],"are":[182,201,210],"presented.":[183],"specifically,":[185],"we":[186],"investigated":[187],"approach":[191],"Camelyon16":[193],"dataset.":[194],"show":[197],"faithful":[202],"underlying":[205],"model,":[206],"visualizations":[209],"reasonably":[211],"interpretable.":[212]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}