{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4220748625","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2612846","title":"Camera-based distance detection and contact tracing to monitor potential spread of COVID-19","display_name":"Camera-based distance detection and contact tracing to monitor potential spread of COVID-19","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-03-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4220748625","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2612846"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1117/12.2612846","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2612846","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Medical Imaging 2022: Image Perception, Observer Performance, and Technology Assessment","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100351389","display_name":"Ming Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1446-4493"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ming Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Institutes of Health (United States)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institutes of Health (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087394056","display_name":"Nicole Varble","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2273-7962"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210131230","display_name":"Philips (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/03kw6wr76","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210122849","https://openalex.org/I4210131230"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nicole Varble","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Institutes of Health (United States)","Philips Research of North America (United States)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institutes of Health (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Philips Research of North America (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210131230"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022455023","display_name":"Bar\u0131\u015f T\u00fcrkbey","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0853-6494"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Baris Turkbey","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Institutes of Health (United States)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institutes of Health (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100604665","display_name":"Sheng Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6507-9122"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sheng Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Institutes of Health (United States)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institutes of Health (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026470145","display_name":"Bradford J. Wood","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4297-0051"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brad J. Wood","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Institutes of Health (United States)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institutes of Health (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100351389"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.9094,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.77935402,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":null,"first_page":"56","last_page":"56"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12943","display_name":"COVID-19 Digital Contact Tracing","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12943","display_name":"COVID-19 Digital Contact Tracing","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11775","display_name":"COVID-19 diagnosis using AI","score":0.9879999756813049,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11980","display_name":"Human Mobility and Location-Based Analysis","score":0.9742000102996826,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contact-tracing","display_name":"Contact tracing","score":0.6667377948760986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coronavirus-disease-2019","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","score":0.635237455368042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5999171137809753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracing","display_name":"Tracing","score":0.4905704855918884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4192919433116913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4144551157951355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.07232052087783813}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113162765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1128437","display_name":"Contact tracing","level":5,"score":0.6667377948760986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3008058167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84263196","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","level":4,"score":0.635237455368042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5999171137809753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138673069","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q322229","display_name":"Tracing","level":2,"score":0.4905704855918884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4192919433116913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4144551157951355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.07232052087783813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524204448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788926","display_name":"Infectious disease (medical specialty)","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1117/12.2612846","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2612846","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Medical Imaging 2022: Image Perception, Observer Performance, and Technology Assessment","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.5199999809265137}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2603203130","https://openalex.org/W2620145164","https://openalex.org/W2773967988","https://openalex.org/W2916481247","https://openalex.org/W3012109971","https://openalex.org/W3012809680","https://openalex.org/W3016546290","https://openalex.org/W3018757597","https://openalex.org/W3023742835","https://openalex.org/W4206759694","https://openalex.org/W4297683907","https://openalex.org/W6638969170","https://openalex.org/W6687181247","https://openalex.org/W6703518758","https://openalex.org/W6746869487","https://openalex.org/W6776122797","https://openalex.org/W6777046832"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3158100496","https://openalex.org/W3130225502","https://openalex.org/W2170160357","https://openalex.org/W2058170566","https://openalex.org/W2755342338","https://openalex.org/W2772917594","https://openalex.org/W2166024367","https://openalex.org/W4399915950","https://openalex.org/W3116076068","https://openalex.org/W2229312674"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Purpose:":[0],"This":[1],"study":[2],"aims":[3],"to":[4,90,131,148,237],"analyze":[5],"a":[6,22,82,94,164,222,231],"social":[7,56,156,196,207],"distance":[8,38,57,111,157,197,208],"monitoring":[9,198],"and":[10,44,48,64,69,72,76,118,129,146,161,184,189,199,212],"contact":[11,51,119,138,200,216],"tracing":[12,201],"assistance":[13,202],"tool":[14,31,35,169,203,225,234],"for":[15,59,186,218],"preventing":[16],"the":[17,91,100,105,132,137,168,187],"spread":[18],"of":[19,93,102,104,155,182,229],"COVID-19":[20],"in":[21,42,54],"busy":[23],"indoor":[24],"working":[25],"hospital":[26],"environment.":[27],"Method:":[28],"A":[29,194],"camera-based":[30],"was":[32,79,87,124,144,159,235],"developed.":[33],"The":[34,110,152],"estimates":[36],"physical":[37],"between":[39,121,140],"multiple":[40,210],"individuals":[41,47,143,171],"real-time":[43],"also":[45],"tracks":[46],"records":[49],"their":[50,70],"time":[52,120,139],"when":[53,176],"violation":[55],"requirements":[58],"retrospect":[60],"review.":[61],"Both":[62],"stereo-":[63],"monocular-camera":[65],"tools":[66],"are":[67,74,172,178],"implemented":[68],"accuracy":[71,154],"efficiency":[73],"evaluated":[75],"compared.":[77],"Video":[78],"captured":[80],"by":[81],"ZED":[83],"M":[84],"camera":[85,106,224,233],"which":[86],"set":[88],"close":[89],"ceiling":[92],"lab":[95],"space.":[96],"Three":[97],"people":[98],"within":[99],"field":[101],"view":[103],"completed":[107],"various":[108],"movements.":[109],"(binary,":[112],"<6":[113],"feet":[114],"or":[115],">6":[116],"feet)":[117],"each":[122,219],"pair":[123],"recorded":[125],"as":[126],"ground":[127,149],"truth":[128],"compared":[130,147],"video":[133],"software":[134],"analysis.":[135],"Additionally,":[136],"any":[141],"two":[142],"calculated":[145],"truth.":[150],"Results:":[151],"overall":[153],"detection":[158],"95.1%":[160],"74.4%,":[162],"with":[163],"false-negative":[165],"rate":[166],"(when":[167],"predicts":[170],"far":[173],"enough":[174],"apart,":[175],"they":[177],"actually":[179],"too":[180],"close)":[181],"7.2%":[183],"23.5%":[185],"stereo":[188,232],"monocular":[190,223],"tools,":[191],"respectively.":[192],"Conclusions:":[193],"stereo-camera":[195],"can":[204],"accurately":[205],"detect":[206],"among":[209],"people,":[211],"keep":[213],"an":[214],"accurate":[215],"record":[217],"individual.":[220],"While":[221],"provided":[226],"some":[227],"level":[228],"certainty,":[230],"shown":[236],"be":[238],"superior.":[239]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}