{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4213425026","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2612576","title":"Annotation and segmentation of diabetic retinopathy lesions: an explainable AI application","display_name":"Annotation and segmentation of diabetic retinopathy lesions: an explainable AI application","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-02-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4213425026","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2612576"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1117/12.2612576","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2612576","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363606689","display_name":"Medical Imaging 2022: Computer-Aided Diagnosis","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Medical Imaging 2022: Computer-Aided Diagnosis","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079615706","display_name":"Hoda Kheradfallah","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hoda Kheradfallah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Univ. of Waterloo (Canada)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. of Waterloo (Canada)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040325470","display_name":"Janarthanam Jothi Balaji","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4138-9334"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118298837","display_name":"Sankara Nethralaya","ror":"https://ror.org/02k0t9a94","country_code":"IN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118298837"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Janarthanam Jothi Balaji","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sankara Nethralaya (India)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sankara Nethralaya (India)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118298837"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023757650","display_name":"Varadharajan Jayakumar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5162-6228"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Varadharajan Jayakumar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Univ. of Waterloo (Canada)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. of Waterloo (Canada)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042762090","display_name":"Mohammed Abdul Rasheed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6417-2552"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammed Abdul Rasheed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Univ. of Waterloo (Canada)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. of Waterloo (Canada)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063791644","display_name":"Vasudevan Lakshminarayanan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3473-1245"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vasudevan Lakshminarayanan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Univ. of Waterloo (Canada)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. of Waterloo (Canada)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5079615706"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.8959,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.7364167,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"93","last_page":"93"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10227","display_name":"Acute Ischemic Stroke Management","score":0.9952999949455261,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10170","display_name":"Retinal Diseases and Treatments","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diabetic-retinopathy","display_name":"Diabetic retinopathy","score":0.7342144250869751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grading","display_name":"Grading (engineering)","score":0.7129345536231995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cotton-wool-spots","display_name":"Cotton wool spots","score":0.7029107809066772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.6771653294563293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.670712947845459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5915700197219849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.5906784534454346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fundus","display_name":"Fundus (uterus)","score":0.48461851477622986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/toolbox","display_name":"Toolbox","score":0.4751712679862976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lesion","display_name":"Lesion","score":0.4717843234539032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.4246717691421509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neovascularization","display_name":"Neovascularization","score":0.42225149273872375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.37617945671081543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3561161756515503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ophthalmology","display_name":"Ophthalmology","score":0.2951619029045105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pathology","display_name":"Pathology","score":0.1930197775363922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diabetes-mellitus","display_name":"Diabetes mellitus","score":0.1428309679031372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internal-medicine","display_name":"Internal medicine","score":0.0838102400302887}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779829184","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631361","display_name":"Diabetic retinopathy","level":3,"score":0.7342144250869751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777286243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5591926","display_name":"Grading (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.7129345536231995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776689232","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5175762","display_name":"Cotton wool spots","level":4,"score":0.7029107809066772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.6771653294563293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.670712947845459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5915700197219849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.5906784534454346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776391266","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9612","display_name":"Fundus (uterus)","level":2,"score":0.48461851477622986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777655017","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1501161","display_name":"Toolbox","level":2,"score":0.4751712679862976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781156865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q827023","display_name":"Lesion","level":2,"score":0.4717843234539032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.4246717691421509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778271429","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1281049","display_name":"Neovascularization","level":3,"score":0.42225149273872375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.37617945671081543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3561161756515503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118487528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161437","display_name":"Ophthalmology","level":1,"score":0.2951619029045105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.1930197775363922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555293320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12206","display_name":"Diabetes mellitus","level":2,"score":0.1428309679031372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.0838102400302887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780394083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q539568","display_name":"Angiogenesis","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147176958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590","display_name":"Civil engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134018914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162606","display_name":"Endocrinology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1117/12.2612576","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2612576","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363606689","display_name":"Medical Imaging 2022: Computer-Aided Diagnosis","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Medical Imaging 2022: Computer-Aided Diagnosis","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W251438302","https://openalex.org/W1966206262","https://openalex.org/W1969496006","https://openalex.org/W2529153069","https://openalex.org/W2557738935","https://openalex.org/W2915754718","https://openalex.org/W2931452266","https://openalex.org/W2947164691","https://openalex.org/W3036319923","https://openalex.org/W3082904399","https://openalex.org/W3093089022","https://openalex.org/W3110220146","https://openalex.org/W3152157423","https://openalex.org/W3169686285","https://openalex.org/W3196430628","https://openalex.org/W3199511598","https://openalex.org/W4200409436","https://openalex.org/W4240531687","https://openalex.org/W6760902622","https://openalex.org/W6766601712"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1980571360","https://openalex.org/W3194623916","https://openalex.org/W3176448898","https://openalex.org/W4379115808","https://openalex.org/W3207986206","https://openalex.org/W2429379476","https://openalex.org/W3032748257","https://openalex.org/W1979866946","https://openalex.org/W4226141369","https://openalex.org/W2413307231"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"One":[0],"of":[1,5,38,87,94,174,211,236,243],"the":[2,59,71,85,90,171,184,209,234,240],"leading":[3],"causes":[4],"irreversible":[6],"vision":[7],"loss":[8],"is":[9,170],"Diabetic":[10,16],"Retinopathy":[11,17],"(DR).":[12],"The":[13,50,162],"International":[14],"Clinical":[15],"scale":[18],"(ICDRS)":[19],"provides":[20,56,104],"grading":[21,35,109,237],"criteria":[22,82,111],"for":[23,48,112],"DR.":[24],"Deep":[25],"Convolutional":[26],"Neural":[27],"Networks":[28,145],"(DCNNs)":[29],"have":[30],"high":[31,150],"performance":[32],"in":[33,36,167],"DR":[34,74,119,132,156],"terms":[37],"classification":[39],"evaluation":[40],"metrics;":[41],"however,":[42],"these":[43],"metrics":[44],"are":[45],"not":[46,79],"sufficient":[47],"evaluation.":[49],"eXplainable":[51],"Artificial":[52],"Intelligence":[53],"(XAI)":[54],"methodology":[55],"insight":[57],"into":[58],"decisions":[60],"made":[61],"by":[62,64],"networks":[63],"producing":[65],"sparce,":[66],"generic":[67],"heat":[68],"maps":[69],"highlighting":[70],"most":[72],"critical":[73],"features.":[75],"XAI":[76],"also":[77],"could":[78],"satisfy":[80],"clinical":[81],"due":[83],"to":[84,108,117,160],"lack":[86],"explanation":[88,106],"on":[89],"number":[91],"and":[92,124,135,153,200,224],"types":[93],"lesions.":[95,246],"Hence,":[96],"we":[97,136],"propose":[98],"a":[99,138],"computational":[100],"tool":[101],"box":[102],"that":[103,164],"lesion-based":[105],"according":[107,159],"system":[110],"determining":[113],"severity":[114,126,157],"levels.":[115,127],"According":[116],"ICDRS,":[118],"has":[120],"10":[121],"major":[122],"lesions":[123,148,185,212],"4":[125],"Experienced":[128],"clinicians":[129],"annotated":[130],"143":[131],"fundus":[133],"images":[134],"developed":[137],"toolbox":[139],"containing":[140],"9":[141],"lesion-specified":[142],"segmentation":[143],"networks.":[144],"should":[146],"detect":[147],"with":[149],"annotation":[151],"resolution":[152],"then":[154],"compute":[155],"grade":[158],"ICDRS.":[161],"network":[163],"was":[165],"employed":[166],"this":[168,182],"study":[169],"optimized":[172],"version":[173],"Holistically":[175],"Nested":[176],"Edge":[177],"Detection":[178],"Network":[179],"(HEDNet).":[180],"Using":[181],"model,":[183],"such":[186,213],"as":[187,214],"hard":[188],"exudates":[189],"(Ex),":[190],"cotton":[191],"wool":[192],"spots":[193],"(CWS),":[194],"microaneurysms":[195],"(MA),":[196],"intraretinal":[197,220],"haemorrhages":[198,203],"(IHE)":[199],"vitreous":[201],"preretinal":[202],"(VPHE)":[204],"were":[205],"properly":[206],"detected":[207],"but":[208],"prediction":[210],"venous":[215],"beading":[216],"(VB),":[217],"neovascularization":[218],"(NV),":[219],"microvascular":[221],"abnormalities":[222],"(IRMA)":[223],"fibrous":[225],"proliferation":[226],"(FP)":[227],"had":[228],"low":[229],"specificity.":[230],"Consequently,this":[231],"will":[232],"affect":[233],"value":[235],"which":[238],"uses":[239],"segmented":[241],"masks":[242],"all":[244],"contributing":[245]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}