{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4221031320","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2611490","title":"Detecting COVID-19 from respiratory sound recordings with transformers","display_name":"Detecting COVID-19 from respiratory sound recordings with transformers","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4221031320","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2611490"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1117/12.2611490","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2611490","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363606689","display_name":"Medical Imaging 2022: Computer-Aided Diagnosis","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Medical Imaging 2022: Computer-Aided Diagnosis","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046961544","display_name":"Idil Aytekin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-1849-4703"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168864056","display_name":"Bilkent University","ror":"https://ror.org/02vh8a032","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168864056"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Idil Aytekin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bilkent Univ. (Turkey)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bilkent Univ. (Turkey)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168864056"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081344849","display_name":"Onat Dalmaz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7978-5311"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168864056","display_name":"Bilkent University","ror":"https://ror.org/02vh8a032","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168864056"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Onat Dalmaz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bilkent Univ. (Turkey)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bilkent Univ. (Turkey)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168864056"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054401075","display_name":"Haydar Ank\u0131\u015fhan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6240-2545"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188740104","display_name":"Ba\u015fkent University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v9bqx10","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188740104"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haydar Ankishan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Baskent \u00dcniv. (Turkey)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Baskent \u00dcniv. (Turkey)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188740104"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031187537","display_name":"Emine \u00dclk\u00fc Sar\u0131ta\u015f","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8551-1077"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168864056","display_name":"Bilkent University","ror":"https://ror.org/02vh8a032","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168864056"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Emine U. Saritas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bilkent Univ. (Turkey)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bilkent Univ. (Turkey)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168864056"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030188696","display_name":"Ula\u015f Ba\u011fc\u0131","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7379-6829"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ulas Bagci","raw_affiliation_strings":["Northwestern Univ. (United States)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northwestern Univ. (United States)","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032375235","display_name":"Tolga \u00c7ukur","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2296-851X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168864056","display_name":"Bilkent University","ror":"https://ror.org/02vh8a032","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168864056"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tolga Cukur","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept. of Electrical and Electronics Eng., Bilkent University, Ankara"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electrical and Electronics Eng., Bilkent University, Ankara","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168864056"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112647483","display_name":"Haydar \u00c7elik","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2702-5457"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1336742384","display_name":"Children's National","ror":"https://ror.org/03wa2q724","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1336742384"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haydar Celik","raw_affiliation_strings":["Children's National Health System (United States)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Children's National Health System (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1336742384"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5046961544"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168864056"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.2771,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94775661,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"10","last_page":"10"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12419","display_name":"Phonocardiography and Auscultation Techniques","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12419","display_name":"Phonocardiography and Auscultation Techniques","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12418","display_name":"Respiratory and Cough-Related Research","score":0.9866999983787537,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11775","display_name":"COVID-19 diagnosis using AI","score":0.9785000085830688,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stethoscope","display_name":"Stethoscope","score":0.7742913365364075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/respiratory-sounds","display_name":"Respiratory sounds","score":0.6970890164375305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/auscultation","display_name":"Auscultation","score":0.6799668073654175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6555384397506714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spectrogram","display_name":"Spectrogram","score":0.5386900901794434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.5225350856781006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coronavirus-disease-2019","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","score":0.5196982026100159},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.5173196792602539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crackles","display_name":"Crackles","score":0.5075229406356812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.5041030645370483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4593925476074219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.3290238380432129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disease","display_name":"Disease","score":0.16074740886688232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.14381340146064758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internal-medicine","display_name":"Internal medicine","score":0.11137205362319946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/infectious-disease","display_name":"Infectious disease (medical specialty)","score":0.10420003533363342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-examination","display_name":"Physical examination","score":0.09640374779701233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/asthma","display_name":"Asthma","score":0.07728171348571777}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779055095","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162339","display_name":"Stethoscope","level":2,"score":0.7742913365364075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777402568","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q779038","display_name":"Respiratory sounds","level":3,"score":0.6970890164375305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777324038","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q779054","display_name":"Auscultation","level":2,"score":0.6799668073654175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6555384397506714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45273575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q578970","display_name":"Spectrogram","level":2,"score":0.5386900901794434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.5225350856781006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3008058167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84263196","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","level":4,"score":0.5196982026100159},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.5173196792602539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780908675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q973331","display_name":"Crackles","level":3,"score":0.5075229406356812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5041030645370483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4593925476074219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.3290238380432129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.16074740886688232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.14381340146064758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.11137205362319946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524204448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788926","display_name":"Infectious disease (medical specialty)","level":3,"score":0.10420003533363342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C527108885","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q835153","display_name":"Physical examination","level":2,"score":0.09640374779701233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776042228","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35869","display_name":"Asthma","level":2,"score":0.07728171348571777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1117/12.2611490","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2611490","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363606689","display_name":"Medical Imaging 2022: Computer-Aided Diagnosis","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Medical Imaging 2022: Computer-Aided Diagnosis","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.bilkent.edu.tr:11693/111544","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11693/111544","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400079","display_name":"Bilkent University Institutional Repository (Bilkent University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I168864056","host_organization_name":"Bilkent University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168864056"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Progress in Biomedical Optics and Imaging","raw_type":"Conference Paper"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4300000071525574,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1487905446","https://openalex.org/W1638687319","https://openalex.org/W2047469300","https://openalex.org/W2512160354","https://openalex.org/W2738559487","https://openalex.org/W2921249351","https://openalex.org/W3015034944","https://openalex.org/W3033158679","https://openalex.org/W3035378948","https://openalex.org/W3081012644","https://openalex.org/W3087180772","https://openalex.org/W3105837102","https://openalex.org/W3112200823","https://openalex.org/W3138516171","https://openalex.org/W4214493665","https://openalex.org/W4238549709","https://openalex.org/W4300096145","https://openalex.org/W6687152286","https://openalex.org/W6687483927","https://openalex.org/W6783903196","https://openalex.org/W6784333009","https://openalex.org/W6791943378"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4312368572","https://openalex.org/W2615070281","https://openalex.org/W3211121566","https://openalex.org/W1985184135","https://openalex.org/W4280525484","https://openalex.org/W3089516292","https://openalex.org/W3128475918","https://openalex.org/W1984338726","https://openalex.org/W4221031320","https://openalex.org/W2305945022"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Auscultation":[0,13],"is":[1,14,147],"an":[2],"established":[3],"technique":[4,89,108,185],"in":[5],"clinical":[6,35],"assessment":[7],"of":[8,43,63,100,113,134],"symptoms":[9],"for":[10],"respiratory":[11,44,114,135],"disorders.":[12],"safe":[15],"and":[16,40,48,103,116,140,156],"inexpensive,":[17],"but":[18],"requires":[19],"expertise":[20],"to":[21,46,74,90,178],"diagnose":[22],"a":[23,26,85,122,131],"disease":[24,119],"using":[25],"stethoscope":[27],"during":[28],"hospital":[29],"or":[30,175],"office":[31],"visits.":[32],"However,":[33],"some":[34],"scenarios":[36],"require":[37],"continuous":[38],"monitoring":[39],"automated":[41],"analysis":[42],"sounds":[45,65,136],"pre-screen":[47],"monitor":[49],"diseases,":[50],"such":[51],"as":[52,159,161],"the":[53,169,183],"rapidly":[54],"spreading":[55],"COVID-19.":[56],"Recent":[57],"studies":[58],"suggest":[59],"that":[60,168],"audio":[61,98],"recordings":[62,99],"bodily":[64],"captured":[66],"by":[67],"mobile":[68],"devices":[69],"might":[70],"carry":[71],"features":[72,112],"helpful":[73],"distinguish":[75,187],"patients":[76,94,139,189],"with":[77,193],"COVID-19":[78,93,138,188],"from":[79,137,190],"healthy":[80,141,191],"controls.":[81,142],"Here,":[82],"we":[83],"propose":[84],"novel":[86],"deep":[87],"learning":[88],"automatically":[91],"detect":[92],"based":[95,152],"on":[96,130,153,173],"brief":[97],"their":[101],"cough":[102],"breathing":[104],"sounds.":[105],"The":[106,143],"proposed":[107,144,170,184],"first":[109],"extracts":[110],"spectrogram":[111],"recordings,":[115],"then":[117],"classifies":[118],"state":[120],"via":[121],"hierarchical":[123],"vision":[124],"transformer":[125,145,157],"architecture.":[126],"Demonstrations":[127],"are":[128],"provided":[129],"crowdsourced":[132],"database":[133],"model":[146,171],"compared":[148],"against":[149],"alternative":[150],"methods":[151],"state-of-the-art":[154],"convolutional":[155],"architectures,":[158],"well":[160],"traditional":[162],"machine-learning":[163],"classifiers.":[164],"Our":[165],"results":[166],"indicate":[167],"achieves":[172],"par":[174],"superior":[176],"performance":[177],"competing":[179],"methods.":[180],"In":[181],"particular,":[182],"can":[186],"subjects":[192],"over":[194],"94%":[195],"AUC.":[196]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}