{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4220830657","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2607509","title":"A fully convolutional neural network for explainable classification of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder","display_name":"A fully convolutional neural network for explainable classification of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4220830657","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2607509"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1117/12.2607509","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2607509","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363606689","display_name":"Medical Imaging 2022: Computer-Aided Diagnosis","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Medical Imaging 2022: Computer-Aided Diagnosis","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038385431","display_name":"Emma A. M. Stanley","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7802-6820"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168635309","display_name":"University of Calgary","ror":"https://ror.org/03yjb2x39","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Emma Stanley","raw_affiliation_strings":["Univ. of Calgary (Canada)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. of Calgary (Canada)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017763177","display_name":"Deepthi Rajashekar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2009-764X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168635309","display_name":"University of Calgary","ror":"https://ror.org/03yjb2x39","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Deepthi Rajashekar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Univ. of Calgary (Canada)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. of Calgary (Canada)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026674091","display_name":"Pauline Mouch\u00e8s","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0304-5584"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168635309","display_name":"University of Calgary","ror":"https://ror.org/03yjb2x39","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pauline Mouches","raw_affiliation_strings":["Univ. of Calgary (Canada)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. of Calgary (Canada)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051753610","display_name":"Matthias Wilms","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8845-360X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168635309","display_name":"University of Calgary","ror":"https://ror.org/03yjb2x39","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matthias Wilms","raw_affiliation_strings":["Univ. of Calgary (Canada)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. of Calgary (Canada)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034538587","display_name":"Kira Plettl","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168635309","display_name":"University of Calgary","ror":"https://ror.org/03yjb2x39","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kira Plettl","raw_affiliation_strings":["Univ. of Calgary (Canada)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. of Calgary (Canada)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040728822","display_name":"Nils D. Forkert","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2556-3224"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168635309","display_name":"University of Calgary","ror":"https://ror.org/03yjb2x39","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nils D. Forkert","raw_affiliation_strings":["Univ. of Calgary (Canada)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. of Calgary (Canada)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5038385431"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.6549,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92346939,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"36","last_page":"36"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10537","display_name":"Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2738","display_name":"Psychiatry and Mental health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10537","display_name":"Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2738","display_name":"Psychiatry and Mental health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10241","display_name":"Functional Brain Connectivity Studies","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10042","display_name":"Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies","score":0.9624000191688538,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder","display_name":"Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder","score":0.7972925901412964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/orbitofrontal-cortex","display_name":"Orbitofrontal cortex","score":0.686070442199707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/impulsivity","display_name":"Impulsivity","score":0.5666279792785645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.5616666078567505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroimaging","display_name":"Neuroimaging","score":0.4453245997428894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4264104664325714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.4126119613647461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognition","display_name":"Cognition","score":0.37917858362197876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/developmental-psychology","display_name":"Developmental psychology","score":0.33788231015205383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clinical-psychology","display_name":"Clinical psychology","score":0.2963864803314209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prefrontal-cortex","display_name":"Prefrontal cortex","score":0.276559054851532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroscience","display_name":"Neuroscience","score":0.23460406064987183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.21971526741981506}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780783007","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181923","display_name":"Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder","level":2,"score":0.7972925901412964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776559556","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18717","display_name":"Orbitofrontal cortex","level":4,"score":0.686070442199707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780319597","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1549918","display_name":"Impulsivity","level":2,"score":0.5666279792785645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5616666078567505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58693492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q551875","display_name":"Neuroimaging","level":2,"score":0.4453245997428894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4264104664325714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.4126119613647461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.37917858362197876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.33788231015205383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70410870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199906","display_name":"Clinical psychology","level":1,"score":0.2963864803314209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781195155","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18680","display_name":"Prefrontal cortex","level":3,"score":0.276559054851532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.23460406064987183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.21971526741981506}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1117/12.2607509","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2607509","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363606689","display_name":"Medical Imaging 2022: Computer-Aided Diagnosis","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Medical Imaging 2022: Computer-Aided Diagnosis","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.6000000238418579}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2020745232","https://openalex.org/W2025009638","https://openalex.org/W2036351969","https://openalex.org/W2075529349","https://openalex.org/W2098742601","https://openalex.org/W2101089132","https://openalex.org/W2133416691","https://openalex.org/W2136145485","https://openalex.org/W2171074660","https://openalex.org/W2589105429","https://openalex.org/W2790406046","https://openalex.org/W2889542606","https://openalex.org/W2953073956","https://openalex.org/W2966883685","https://openalex.org/W3043668475","https://openalex.org/W3048128948","https://openalex.org/W3092783643","https://openalex.org/W3094108931","https://openalex.org/W3124682529","https://openalex.org/W4211026919","https://openalex.org/W4237180761","https://openalex.org/W4250685322","https://openalex.org/W6754669440"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2903186825","https://openalex.org/W2593679413","https://openalex.org/W2999654664","https://openalex.org/W4378216561","https://openalex.org/W2317922623","https://openalex.org/W2795357774","https://openalex.org/W4283751111","https://openalex.org/W3084142221","https://openalex.org/W2371593515","https://openalex.org/W2021971249"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Attention":[0],"deficit/hyperactivity":[1],"disorder":[2],"(ADHD)":[3],"is":[4,206,229],"characterized":[5],"by":[6],"symptoms":[7],"of":[8,18,29,46,67,77,99,180,183,187,225,245,265],"inattention,":[9],"hyperactivity,":[10],"and":[11,20,83,113,128,155,185,197],"impulsivity,":[12],"which":[13,205],"affects":[14],"an":[15,85,178],"estimated":[16],"10.2%":[17],"children":[19,154,156],"adolescents":[21],"in":[22,64,69,218],"the":[23,30,52,65,106,114,151,171,192,203,223,230,243,259],"United":[24],"States.":[25],"However,":[26],"correct":[27],"diagnosis":[28,66,264],"condition":[31],"can":[32],"be":[33],"challenging,":[34],"with":[35,157,208,220],"failure":[36],"rates":[37],"up":[38],"to":[39,54,62,71,81,123,148,165,214,242,261],"20%.":[40],"Machine":[41],"learning":[42,88,250,255],"models":[43],"making":[44],"use":[45],"magnetic":[47],"resonance":[48],"imaging":[49],"(MRI)":[50],"have":[51],"potential":[53,260],"serve":[55],"as":[56,199,239],"a":[57,139,248],"clinical":[58,263],"decision":[59],"support":[60],"system":[61],"aid":[63,262],"ADHD":[68,92,119,127,246,266],"youth":[70,100,219],"improve":[72],"diagnostic":[73],"validity.":[74],"The":[75,174,252],"purpose":[76],"this":[78,228],"study":[79,232],"was":[80,121,146],"develop":[82],"evaluate":[84],"explainable":[86],"deep":[87,249,254],"model":[89,145,176,257],"for":[90,170,202],"automatic":[91],"classification.":[93],"254":[94],"T1-weighted":[95],"brain":[96,142,167],"MRI":[97],"datsets":[98],"aged":[101],"9-11":[102],"were":[103,163],"obtained":[104],"from":[105,138],"Adolescent":[107],"Brain":[108],"Cognitive":[109],"Development":[110],"(ABCD)":[111],"Study,":[112],"Child":[115],"Behaviour":[116],"Checklist":[117],"DSM-Oriented":[118],"Scale":[120],"used":[122],"partition":[124],"subjects":[125],"into":[126],"non-ADHD":[129],"groups.":[130],"A":[131],"fully":[132],"convolutional":[133],"neural":[134],"network":[135],"(CNN)":[136],"adapted":[137],"state-of-the-art":[140],"adult":[141],"age":[143],"regression":[144],"trained":[147],"distinguish":[149],"between":[150],"neurologically":[152],"normal":[153],"ADHD.":[158,221],"Saliency":[159,189],"voxel":[160],"attribution":[161],"maps":[162,190,241],"generated":[164],"identify":[166],"regions":[168,201,213],"relevant":[169],"classification":[172,244,256],"task.":[173],"proposed":[175,253],"achieved":[177],"accuracy":[179],"71.1%,":[181],"sensitivity":[182],"68.4%,":[184],"specificity":[186],"73.7%.":[188],"highlighted":[191],"orbitofrontal":[193],"cortex,":[194,196],"entorhinal":[195],"amygdala":[198],"important":[200],"classification,":[204],"consistent":[207],"previous":[209],"literature":[210],"linking":[211],"these":[212],"significant":[215],"structural":[216],"differences":[217],"To":[222],"best":[224],"our":[226],"knowledge,":[227],"first":[231],"applying":[233],"artiicial":[234],"intelligence":[235],"explainability":[236],"methods":[237],"such":[238],"saliency":[240],"using":[247],"model.":[251],"has":[258],"while":[267],"providing":[268],"interpretable":[269],"results.":[270]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
