{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3123010166","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2582039","title":"Classification of schizophrenia from functional MRI using large-scale extended Granger causality","display_name":"Classification of schizophrenia from functional MRI using large-scale extended Granger causality","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-02-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3123010166","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2582039","mag":"3123010166"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1117/12.2582039","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2582039","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Medical Imaging 2021: Computer-Aided Diagnosis","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2101.10471","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036396088","display_name":"Axel Wism\u00fcller","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8204097","display_name":"Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen","ror":"https://ror.org/05591te55","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8204097"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5388228","display_name":"University of Rochester","ror":"https://ror.org/022kthw22","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5388228"]}],"countries":["DE","US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Axel Wism\u00fcller","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ludwig Maximilian Univ. (Germany)","Univ. of Rochester (United States)","Univ. of Rochester  (United States)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ludwig Maximilian Univ. (Germany)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8204097"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. of Rochester (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5388228"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. of Rochester  (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5388228"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044914081","display_name":"Mehdi Vosoughi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7294-4877"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5388228","display_name":"University of Rochester","ror":"https://ror.org/022kthw22","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5388228"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Ali Vosoughi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Univ. of Rochester (United States)","University of Rochester"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. of Rochester (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5388228"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Rochester","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5388228"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5036396088"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5388228","https://openalex.org/I8204097"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.3027,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.7730537,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"49","last_page":"49"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10241","display_name":"Functional Brain Connectivity Studies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10241","display_name":"Functional Brain Connectivity Studies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10581","display_name":"Neural dynamics and brain function","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10378","display_name":"Advanced MRI Techniques and Applications","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/granger-causality","display_name":"Granger causality","score":0.8502063751220703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/schizophrenia","display_name":"Schizophrenia (object-oriented programming)","score":0.6927850842475891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/causality","display_name":"Causality (physics)","score":0.6411569118499756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","score":0.5819008946418762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/econometrics","display_name":"Econometrics","score":0.4777714014053345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.4059208035469055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.3474845886230469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.32494020462036133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3002534508705139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychiatry","display_name":"Psychiatry","score":0.21323075890541077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography","display_name":"Cartography","score":0.15579405426979065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.140469491481781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.1319333016872406}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129824826","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2630107","display_name":"Granger causality","level":2,"score":0.8502063751220703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776412080","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7431605","display_name":"Schizophrenia (object-oriented programming)","level":2,"score":0.6927850842475891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64357122","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1149766","display_name":"Causality (physics)","level":2,"score":0.6411569118499756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.5819008946418762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.4777714014053345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.4059208035469055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.3474845886230469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.32494020462036133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3002534508705139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.21323075890541077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.15579405426979065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.140469491481781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.1319333016872406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1117/12.2582039","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2582039","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Medical Imaging 2021: Computer-Aided Diagnosis","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2101.10471","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2101.10471","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2101.10471","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:HAL:hal-03115652v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hal.science/hal-03115652","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402512","display_name":"HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","host_organization_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"2021","raw_type":"Preprints, Working Papers, ..."},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2101.10471","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2101.10471","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2101.10471","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2101.10471","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2101.10471","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":72,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W172813713","https://openalex.org/W775277085","https://openalex.org/W1527829859","https://openalex.org/W1531716744","https://openalex.org/W1596717185","https://openalex.org/W1706864547","https://openalex.org/W1964107394","https://openalex.org/W1965481579","https://openalex.org/W1971575144","https://openalex.org/W1972228177","https://openalex.org/W1975607784","https://openalex.org/W1978215483","https://openalex.org/W1979354511","https://openalex.org/W1997269994","https://openalex.org/W2011988161","https://openalex.org/W2013235441","https://openalex.org/W2017345738","https://openalex.org/W2020254800","https://openalex.org/W2034476862","https://openalex.org/W2034643755","https://openalex.org/W2041782669","https://openalex.org/W2059664105","https://openalex.org/W2060776942","https://openalex.org/W2061757746","https://openalex.org/W2061957656","https://openalex.org/W2079656335","https://openalex.org/W2092481496","https://openalex.org/W2092939357","https://openalex.org/W2096545550","https://openalex.org/W2102292745","https://openalex.org/W2103961356","https://openalex.org/W2104024771","https://openalex.org/W2104575449","https://openalex.org/W2109574033","https://openalex.org/W2114397654","https://openalex.org/W2122899971","https://openalex.org/W2123923307","https://openalex.org/W2124533904","https://openalex.org/W2126918459","https://openalex.org/W2130107054","https://openalex.org/W2139404519","https://openalex.org/W2141317097","https://openalex.org/W2148585001","https://openalex.org/W2149018240","https://openalex.org/W2151591509","https://openalex.org/W2166507274","https://openalex.org/W2169397963","https://openalex.org/W2171546147","https://openalex.org/W2172180476","https://openalex.org/W2176037610","https://openalex.org/W2279727095","https://openalex.org/W2332715186","https://openalex.org/W2335517681","https://openalex.org/W2341759933","https://openalex.org/W2464525596","https://openalex.org/W2488960182","https://openalex.org/W2547150399","https://openalex.org/W2593687779","https://openalex.org/W2597194388","https://openalex.org/W2626279430","https://openalex.org/W2775336355","https://openalex.org/W2791864097","https://openalex.org/W2803807974","https://openalex.org/W2910357997","https://openalex.org/W2944868848","https://openalex.org/W2963120588","https://openalex.org/W2980346181","https://openalex.org/W3012899000","https://openalex.org/W3084005084","https://openalex.org/W3099014884","https://openalex.org/W3102306183","https://openalex.org/W3120719365"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W1969726065","https://openalex.org/W2348822019","https://openalex.org/W3123211176","https://openalex.org/W1977945774","https://openalex.org/W2254386365","https://openalex.org/W1894760920","https://openalex.org/W1982540875","https://openalex.org/W2020061535","https://openalex.org/W2132731828"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,54,211],"literature":[1,152],"manifests":[2],"that":[3],"schizophrenia":[4,85],"is":[5,56,215],"associated":[6],"with":[7,35,146,222],"alterations":[8,24],"in":[9,41,70,150],"brain":[10,108],"network":[11],"connectivity.":[12,159],"We":[13,106,160],"investigate":[14],"whether":[15],"large-scale":[16],"Extended":[17],"Granger":[18],"Causality":[19],"(lsXGC)":[20],"can":[21],"capture":[22],"such":[23],"using":[25,90,133],"restingstate":[26],"fMRI":[27,52],"data.":[28],"Our":[29,191,237],"method":[30],"utilizes":[31],"dimension":[32],"reduction":[33],"combined":[34],"the":[36,63,66,71,97,151,177,219,223,240],"augmentation":[37],"of":[38,65,73,93,99,157,187,198,206,213,228,234,242],"source":[39],"time-series":[40,44],"a":[42,57,81,91,134,139,154,173,194,202,245],"predictive":[43],"model":[45],"for":[46,83,115,189,209,248],"estimating":[47],"directed":[48],"causal":[49],"relationships":[50],"among":[51],"time-series.":[53,76],"lsXGC":[55,78,112,214,243],"multivariate":[58],"approach":[59],"since":[60],"it":[61],"identifies":[62],"relationship":[64],"underlying":[67],"dynamic":[68],"system":[69],"presence":[72],"all":[74,184],"other":[75],"Here":[77],"serves":[79],"as":[80,113,153,244],"biomarker":[82,247],"classifying":[84],"patients":[86],"from":[87,96],"typical":[88],"controls":[89],"subset":[92],"62":[94],"subjects":[95],"Centers":[98],"Biomedical":[100],"Research":[101],"Excellence":[102],"(COBRE)":[103],"data":[104,166],"repository.":[105],"use":[107],"connections":[109],"estimated":[110],"by":[111,124,131],"features":[114,188],"classification.":[116],"After":[117],"feature":[118,122],"extraction,":[119],"we":[120,142],"perform":[121],"selection":[123],"Kendall\u2019s":[125],"tau":[126],"rank":[127],"correlation":[128],"coefficient":[129],"followed":[130],"classification":[132],"support":[135],"vector":[136],"machine.":[137],"As":[138],"reference":[140],"method,":[141],"compare":[143],"our":[144],"results":[145,192,220,238],"cross-correlation,":[147,224],"typically":[148],"used":[149],"standard":[155],"measure":[156],"functional":[158],"cross-validate":[161],"100":[162],"different":[163],"training/test":[164],"(90%/10%)":[165],"split":[167],"to":[168],"obtain":[169],"mean":[170,174,195,203,226,232],"accuracy":[171,196,227],"and":[172,201,231],"Area":[175],"Under":[176],"receiver":[178],"operating":[179],"characteristic":[180],"Curve":[181],"(AUC)":[182],"across":[183],"tested":[185],"numbers":[186],"lsXGC.":[190,210],"demonstrate":[193],"range":[197,205],"[0.767,":[199],"0.940]":[200],"AUC":[204,233],"[0.861,":[207],"0.983]":[208],"result":[212],"significantly":[216],"higher":[217],"than":[218],"obtained":[221],"namely":[225],"[0.721,":[229],"0.751]":[230],"[0.744,":[235],"0.860].":[236],"suggest":[239],"applicability":[241],"potential":[246],"schizophrenia.":[249]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
