{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3130076158","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2580990","title":"Multi-resolution deep network ensembles for cervical intervertebral disc segmentation are biased by trainer","display_name":"Multi-resolution deep network ensembles for cervical intervertebral disc segmentation are biased by trainer","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-02-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3130076158","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2580990","mag":"3130076158"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1117/12.2580990","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2580990","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Medical Imaging 2021: Computer-Aided Diagnosis","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023810060","display_name":"Ien Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4332-5705"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161318765","display_name":"University of California, Los Angeles","ror":"https://ror.org/046rm7j60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ien Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Univ. of California, Los Angeles (United States)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. of California, Los Angeles (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089312792","display_name":"Kirstin Cook","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7317-156X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161318765","display_name":"University of California, Los Angeles","ror":"https://ror.org/046rm7j60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kirstin Cook","raw_affiliation_strings":["Univ. of California, Los Angeles (United States)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. of California, Los Angeles (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085769852","display_name":"Michael Truong Le","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0685-4950"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161318765","display_name":"University of California, Los Angeles","ror":"https://ror.org/046rm7j60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Le","raw_affiliation_strings":["Univ. of California, Los Angeles (United States)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. of California, Los Angeles (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055050544","display_name":"Bilwaj Gaonkar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8827-8063"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161318765","display_name":"University of California, Los Angeles","ror":"https://ror.org/046rm7j60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bilwaj K. Gaonkar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Univ. of California, Los Angeles (United States)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. of California, Los Angeles (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010839618","display_name":"Luke Macyszyn","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3706-2796"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161318765","display_name":"University of California, Los Angeles","ror":"https://ror.org/046rm7j60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luke Macyszyn","raw_affiliation_strings":["Univ. of California, Los Angeles (United States)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. of California, Los Angeles (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.1698,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.431078,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"38","last_page":"38"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14510","display_name":"Medical Imaging and Analysis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14510","display_name":"Medical Imaging and Analysis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10238","display_name":"Spine and Intervertebral Disc Pathology","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2734","display_name":"Pathology and Forensic Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11518","display_name":"Cervical and Thoracic Myelopathy","score":0.9937999844551086,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.7307308912277222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/s\u00f8rensen\u2013dice-coefficient","display_name":"S\u00f8rensen\u2013Dice coefficient","score":0.6600972414016724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5835169553756714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/magnetic-resonance-imaging","display_name":"Magnetic resonance imaging","score":0.5749416351318359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5371091961860657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.47416630387306213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anterior-cervical-discectomy-and-fusion","display_name":"Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion","score":0.4720768928527832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-segmentation","display_name":"Image segmentation","score":0.4717721939086914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intervertebral-disc","display_name":"Intervertebral disc","score":0.4463660418987274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sagittal-plane","display_name":"Sagittal plane","score":0.4330149292945862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cervical-spine","display_name":"Cervical spine","score":0.4023652970790863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.3857998847961426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3720470070838928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiology","display_name":"Radiology","score":0.2881487309932709}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.7307308912277222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163892561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2613728","display_name":"S\u00f8rensen\u2013Dice coefficient","level":4,"score":0.6600972414016724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5835169553756714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143409427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161238","display_name":"Magnetic resonance imaging","level":2,"score":0.5749416351318359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5371091961860657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.47416630387306213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781430139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4771328","display_name":"Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion","level":3,"score":0.4720768928527832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124504099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56933","display_name":"Image segmentation","level":3,"score":0.4717721939086914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777755357","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q502781","display_name":"Intervertebral disc","level":2,"score":0.4463660418987274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178910020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2211994","display_name":"Sagittal plane","level":2,"score":0.4330149292945862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2985379065","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q900457","display_name":"Cervical spine","level":2,"score":0.4023652970790863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.3857998847961426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3720470070838928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.2881487309932709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141071460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40821","display_name":"Surgery","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1117/12.2580990","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2580990","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Medical Imaging 2021: Computer-Aided Diagnosis","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2053950117","https://openalex.org/W3190628623","https://openalex.org/W3016762851","https://openalex.org/W4247908885","https://openalex.org/W2910412265","https://openalex.org/W2218170896","https://openalex.org/W2529477334","https://openalex.org/W4387745828","https://openalex.org/W3083576823","https://openalex.org/W4385955947"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"diagnosis":[1,31,59],"of":[2,17,28,34,43,57,85,93,224],"cervical":[3,38,86,238],"spinal":[4],"canal":[5],"stenosis":[6],"currently":[7],"relies":[8],"on":[9,14,137],"radiological":[10],"reports,":[11],"based":[12,72,97],"largely":[13],"subjective":[15],"interpretation":[16],"magnetic":[18],"resonance":[19],"images":[20],"(MRIs).":[21],"This":[22],"leads":[23],"to":[24,45,100,146,169,175,182,203,211,229,234,246],"a":[25,62,94,129],"high":[26,47,50],"degree":[27],"variation":[29],"in":[30,36,110,258],"and":[32,49,83,102,154,177,189,196,236],"treatment":[33],"pathology":[35],"the":[37,41,55,81,91,107,159,197,222,247,255],"spine.":[39],"Despite":[40],"capabilities":[42],"MRI":[44],"provide":[46],"contrast":[48],"spatial":[51],"resolution":[52],"3D":[53],"images,":[54],"prevalence":[56],"inconsistent":[58],"has":[60],"presented":[61],"challenge":[63],"for":[64,79],"delivering":[65],"necessary":[66],"care.":[67],"Recently,":[68],"deep":[69,226,259],"learning":[70,227,260],"(DL)":[71],"segmentation":[73,84,261],"algorithms":[74],"have":[75],"demonstrated":[76],"great":[77],"potential":[78,223],"automating":[80],"measurement":[82],"spine":[87,112,239],"anatomy.":[88],"We":[89,156],"show":[90,157],"results":[92],"Deep-U-Net":[95],"ensemble":[96],"automated":[98,144],"pipeline":[99],"detect":[101],"segment":[103],"intervertebral":[104],"discs":[105,125],"at":[106],"C1-C7":[108],"level":[109],"sagittal":[111],"MRIs.":[113],"Training":[114],"was":[115,135,164,205],"done":[116],"using":[117,225],"scans":[118,141],"from":[119],"(n":[120,138],"=":[121,139],"50)":[122,140],"individuals":[123],"wherein":[124],"were":[126],"segmented":[127],"by":[128,142,149,186,250,254],"trained":[130],"human":[131,151],"rater":[132],"(R1).":[133],"Validation":[134],"performed":[136,148],"comparing":[143,167,173,180,201,209],"segmentations":[145,185],"those":[147],"two":[150],"raters":[152],"(R1":[153],"R2).":[155],"that":[158,208],"average":[160],"Dice":[161,199],"similarity":[162],"coefficient":[163],"0.79":[165],"when":[166,172,179],"algorithm":[168,174,190,202,210],"R1,":[170,187],"0.76":[171],"R2,":[176,212],"0.78":[178],"R1":[181,204],"R2.":[183],"Further,":[184],"R2":[188],"differed":[191],"(ANOVA":[192],"with":[193],"p":[194],"&le;.0002),":[195],"median":[198],"score":[200],"greater":[206],"than":[207],"indicating":[213],"bias":[214,252],"toward":[215],"R1.":[216],"Thus,":[217],"our":[218],"preliminary":[219],"demonstration":[220],"highlights":[221],"techniques":[228],"create":[230],"reliable,":[231],"quantitative":[232],"biomarkers":[233],"diagnose":[235],"measure":[237],"pathology.":[240],"Our":[241],"work":[242],"additionally":[243],"cautions":[244],"us":[245],"challenges":[248],"posed":[249],"rater-specific":[251],"induced":[253],"training":[256],"process":[257],"algorithms.":[262]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
