{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3012528172","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2551331","title":"Feasibility of end-to-end trainable two-stage U-Net for detection of axillary lymph nodes in contrast-enhanced CT based on sparse annotations","display_name":"Feasibility of end-to-end trainable two-stage U-Net for detection of axillary lymph nodes in contrast-enhanced CT based on sparse annotations","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-03-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3012528172","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2551331","mag":"3012528172"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1117/12.2551331","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2551331","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306519512","display_name":"Medical Imaging 2020: Computer-Aided Diagnosis","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Medical Imaging 2020: Computer-Aided Diagnosis","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059380310","display_name":"Hidir Cem Altun","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137873","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Digital Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/04farme71","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210137873","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193619901","display_name":"Constructor University","ror":"https://ror.org/02yrs2n53","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193619901"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hidir Cem Altun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fraunhofer-Institut f\u00fcr Digitale Medizin MEVIS (Germany)","Jacobs Univ. Bremen (Germany)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer-Institut f\u00fcr Digitale Medizin MEVIS (Germany)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137873"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jacobs Univ. Bremen (Germany)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193619901"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026098790","display_name":"Grzegorz Chlebus","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6994-696X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137873","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Digital Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/04farme71","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210137873","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145872427","display_name":"Radboud University Nijmegen","ror":"https://ror.org/016xsfp80","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145872427"]}],"countries":["DE","NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Grzegorz Chlebus","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fraunhofer-Institut f\u00fcr Digitale Medizin MEVIS (Germany)","Radboud Univ. Medical Ctr. (Netherlands)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer-Institut f\u00fcr Digitale Medizin MEVIS (Germany)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137873"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Radboud Univ. Medical Ctr. (Netherlands)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145872427"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020018643","display_name":"Colin Jacobs","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1180-3805"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145872427","display_name":"Radboud University Nijmegen","ror":"https://ror.org/016xsfp80","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145872427"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Colin Jacobs","raw_affiliation_strings":["Radboud Univ. Medical Ctr. (Netherlands)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Radboud Univ. Medical Ctr. (Netherlands)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145872427"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053216721","display_name":"Hans Meine","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7557-5007"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193619901","display_name":"Constructor University","ror":"https://ror.org/02yrs2n53","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193619901"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180437899","display_name":"University of Bremen","ror":"https://ror.org/04ers2y35","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180437899"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hans Meine","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jacobs Univ. Bremen (Germany)","Univ. Bremen (Germany)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jacobs Univ. Bremen (Germany)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193619901"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. Bremen (Germany)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180437899"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042982766","display_name":"Bram van Ginneken","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2028-8972"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145872427","display_name":"Radboud University Nijmegen","ror":"https://ror.org/016xsfp80","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145872427"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137873","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Digital Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/04farme71","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210137873","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE","NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bram van Ginneken","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fraunhofer-Institut f\u00fcr Digitale Medizin MEVIS (Germany)","Radboud Univ. Medical Ctr. (Netherlands)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer-Institut f\u00fcr Digitale Medizin MEVIS (Germany)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137873"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Radboud Univ. Medical Ctr. (Netherlands)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145872427"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047104707","display_name":"Horst K. Hahn","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7512-5762"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137873","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Digital Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/04farme71","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210137873","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193619901","display_name":"Constructor University","ror":"https://ror.org/02yrs2n53","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193619901"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Horst K. Hahn","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fraunhofer-Institut f\u00fcr Digitale Medizin MEVIS (Germany)","Jacobs Univ. Bremen (Germany)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer-Institut f\u00fcr Digitale Medizin MEVIS (Germany)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137873"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jacobs Univ. Bremen (Germany)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193619901"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5059380310"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193619901","https://openalex.org/I4210137873"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.334,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.61830552,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"45","last_page":"45"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12422","display_name":"Radiomics and Machine Learning in Medical Imaging","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12422","display_name":"Radiomics and Machine Learning in Medical Imaging","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12386","display_name":"Advanced X-ray and CT Imaging","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10522","display_name":"Medical Imaging Techniques and Applications","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lymph","display_name":"Lymph","score":0.7845247983932495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/axillary-lymph-nodes","display_name":"Axillary lymph nodes","score":0.6879783272743225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6579592227935791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.5758869051933289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lymph-node","display_name":"Lymph node","score":0.57232666015625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pipeline","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","score":0.45962774753570557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiology","display_name":"Radiology","score":0.45411136746406555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stage","display_name":"Stage (stratigraphy)","score":0.42493486404418945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.36200809478759766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.30420172214508057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pathology","display_name":"Pathology","score":0.1746358573436737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metastasis","display_name":"Metastasis","score":0.13037091493606567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.08117133378982544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internal-medicine","display_name":"Internal medicine","score":0.06783843040466309}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779720271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179422","display_name":"Lymph","level":2,"score":0.7845247983932495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777649267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q340695","display_name":"Axillary lymph nodes","level":4,"score":0.6879783272743225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6579592227935791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.5758869051933289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780849966","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170758","display_name":"Lymph node","level":2,"score":0.57232666015625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43521106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2165493","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","level":2,"score":0.45962774753570557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.45411136746406555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146357865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1123245","display_name":"Stage (stratigraphy)","level":2,"score":0.42493486404418945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.36200809478759766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.30420172214508057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.1746358573436737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779013556","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181876","display_name":"Metastasis","level":3,"score":0.13037091493606567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.08117133378982544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.06783843040466309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121608353","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12078","display_name":"Cancer","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1117/12.2551331","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2551331","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306519512","display_name":"Medical Imaging 2020: Computer-Aided Diagnosis","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Medical Imaging 2020: Computer-Aided Diagnosis","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:fraunhofer.de:N-596072","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://publica.fraunhofer.de/documents/N-596072.html","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400801","display_name":"Publikationsdatenbank der Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4923324","host_organization_name":"Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4923324"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Fraunhofer MEVIS","raw_type":"Conference Paper"},{"id":"pmh:oai:publica.fraunhofer.de:publica/408491","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://publica.fraunhofer.de/handle/publica/408491","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400318","display_name":"Fraunhofer-Publica (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4923324","host_organization_name":"Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4923324"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"conference paper"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4255909773","https://openalex.org/W2386455830","https://openalex.org/W2068826952","https://openalex.org/W2008553569","https://openalex.org/W2391734967","https://openalex.org/W2323144308","https://openalex.org/W4361257721","https://openalex.org/W203485574","https://openalex.org/W1966798989","https://openalex.org/W2020142317"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Manual":[0],"detection":[1,22,88],"of":[2,40,76,115,140],"lymph":[3,36,86,108,118],"nodes":[4,37,119],"by":[5],"a":[6,18,50,69,74,138],"radiologist":[7],"is":[8,68,81,89],"time-consuming,":[9],"error-prone":[10],"and":[11,83,126],"suffers":[12],"from":[13,102,132],"interobserver":[14],"variability.":[15],"We":[16,47],"propose":[17],"mostly":[19],"generic":[20],"computer-aided":[21],"system,":[23],"which":[24],"can":[25,53],"be":[26,54],"trained":[27],"in":[28,120],"an":[29],"end-to-end":[30],"fashion,":[31],"to":[32,57],"automatically":[33],"detect":[34],"axillary":[35,85,107,117],"using":[38],"state":[39],"the":[41,63,92,121],"art":[42],"fully":[43],"convolutional":[44],"neural":[45],"networks.":[46],"aim":[48],"at":[49],"system":[51],"that":[52],"easily":[55],"transferred":[56],"other":[58],"body":[59],"regions":[60],"such":[61],"as":[62],"mediastinal":[64],"region.":[65],"Our":[66],"pipeline":[67],"two-stage":[70],"approach,":[71],"where":[72],"first":[73],"volume":[75,146],"interest":[77],"(VOI)":[78],"(axillary":[79],"region)":[80],"localized":[82],"then":[84],"node":[87],"performed":[90],"within":[91],"VOI.":[93],"The":[94],"training":[95],"was":[96],"done":[97],"on":[98,147],"58":[99],"CT":[100],"volumes":[101],"36":[103],"patients":[104],"comprising":[105],"300":[106],"nodes.":[109],"On":[110],"our":[111],"test":[112],"dataset,":[113],"consisting":[114],"75":[116],"size":[122],"range":[123],"5\u201310":[124],"mm":[125,131],"17":[127],"larger":[128],"than":[129],"10":[130],"30":[133],"different":[134],"patients,":[135],"we":[136],"achieved":[137],"sensitivity":[139],"83%":[141],"with":[142],"6.7":[143],"FPs":[144],"per":[145],"average.":[148]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-26T15:22:09.906841","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}