{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3010677522","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2551263","title":"Microcalcification localization and cluster detection using unsupervised convolutional autoencoders and structural similarity index","display_name":"Microcalcification localization and cluster detection using unsupervised convolutional autoencoders and structural similarity index","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-03-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3010677522","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2551263","mag":"3010677522"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1117/12.2551263","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2551263","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306519512","display_name":"Medical Imaging 2020: Computer-Aided Diagnosis","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Medical Imaging 2020: Computer-Aided Diagnosis","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033862822","display_name":"Yifan Peng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8581-8674"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170897317","display_name":"Duke University","ror":"https://ror.org/00py81415","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN","US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yifan Peng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Duke Univ. School of Medicine (United States)","Tsinghua Univ. (China)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Duke Univ. School of Medicine (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua Univ. (China)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010636698","display_name":"Rui Hou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0348-8772"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170897317","display_name":"Duke University","ror":"https://ror.org/00py81415","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rui Hou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Duke Univ. School of Medicine (United States)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Duke Univ. School of Medicine (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025326438","display_name":"Yinhao Ren","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0729-5000"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170897317","display_name":"Duke University","ror":"https://ror.org/00py81415","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yinhao Ren","raw_affiliation_strings":["Duke Univ. School of Medicine (United States)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Duke Univ. School of Medicine (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014628303","display_name":"Lars J. Grimm","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3865-3352"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170897317","display_name":"Duke University","ror":"https://ror.org/00py81415","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lars Grimm","raw_affiliation_strings":["Duke Univ. School of Medicine (United States)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Duke Univ. School of Medicine (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032566475","display_name":"Jeffrey R. Marks","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2054-5468"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170897317","display_name":"Duke University","ror":"https://ror.org/00py81415","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jeffrey Marks","raw_affiliation_strings":["Duke Univ. School of Medicine (United States)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Duke Univ. School of Medicine (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111904730","display_name":"Shelley Hwang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170897317","display_name":"Duke University","ror":"https://ror.org/00py81415","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shelley Hwang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Duke Univ. School of Medicine (United States)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Duke Univ. School of Medicine (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040192736","display_name":"Joseph Y. Lo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9540-5072"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170897317","display_name":"Duke University","ror":"https://ror.org/00py81415","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joseph Lo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Duke Univ. School of Medicine (United States)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Duke Univ. School of Medicine (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5033862822"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317","https://openalex.org/I99065089"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.1326,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.5123875,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":93},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"2","last_page":"2"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12422","display_name":"Radiomics and Machine Learning in Medical Imaging","score":0.9936000108718872,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11775","display_name":"COVID-19 diagnosis using AI","score":0.992900013923645,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microcalcification","display_name":"Microcalcification","score":0.8550918102264404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7223461270332336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6976845264434814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6928699016571045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/receiver-operating-characteristic","display_name":"Receiver operating characteristic","score":0.615979790687561},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/false-positive-paradox","display_name":"False positive paradox","score":0.6031221747398376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anomaly-detection","display_name":"Anomaly detection","score":0.5880371332168579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leverage","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","score":0.48988956212997437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.4268021583557129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mammography","display_name":"Mammography","score":0.24316439032554626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.13585299253463745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.08119076490402222}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781129008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1933877","display_name":"Microcalcification","level":5,"score":0.8550918102264404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7223461270332336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6976845264434814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6928699016571045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58471807","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327120","display_name":"Receiver operating characteristic","level":2,"score":0.615979790687561},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64869954","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1859747","display_name":"False positive paradox","level":2,"score":0.6031221747398376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C739882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3560506","display_name":"Anomaly detection","level":2,"score":0.5880371332168579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153083717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6535263","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.48988956212997437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.4268021583557129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780472235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q324634","display_name":"Mammography","level":4,"score":0.24316439032554626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.13585299253463745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.08119076490402222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C530470458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128581","display_name":"Breast cancer","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121608353","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12078","display_name":"Cancer","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1117/12.2551263","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2551263","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306519512","display_name":"Medical Imaging 2020: Computer-Aided Diagnosis","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Medical Imaging 2020: Computer-Aided Diagnosis","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W40785385","https://openalex.org/W1557094818","https://openalex.org/W1965547071","https://openalex.org/W2089630719","https://openalex.org/W1995933794","https://openalex.org/W2374914916","https://openalex.org/W2351575012","https://openalex.org/W4214835788","https://openalex.org/W2301766697","https://openalex.org/W2169224295"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Detecting":[0],"microcalcification":[1,52,86,89,128],"clusters":[2,53],"in":[3,54,70,78],"mammograms":[4,57],"is":[5],"important":[6],"to":[7,32,48,119],"the":[8,93,166],"diagnosis":[9],"of":[10,124,136,144,168],"breast":[11],"diseases.":[12],"Previous":[13],"studies":[14],"which":[15],"mainly":[16],"focused":[17],"on":[18],"supervised":[19],"methods":[20],"require":[21],"abundant":[22],"annotated":[23],"training":[24],"data":[25,28],"but":[26],"these":[27],"are":[29],"usually":[30],"hard":[31],"acquire.":[33],"In":[34],"this":[35],"work,":[36],"we":[37],"leverage":[38],"unsupervised":[39],"convolutional":[40],"autoencoders":[41],"and":[42,50,88,110,127,152,162],"structural":[43],"similarity":[44],"(SSIM)":[45],"based":[46],"post-processing":[47],"detect":[49],"localize":[51],"full-field":[55],"digital":[56],"(FFDMs).":[58],"Our":[59],"models":[60],"were":[61,76,117],"trained":[62],"by":[63],"patches":[64],"extracted":[65],"from":[66],"3,632":[67],"normal":[68],"cases,":[69],"total":[71],"with":[72],"16,702":[73],"mammograms.":[74],"Evaluations":[75],"conducted":[77],"three":[79],"aspects,":[80],"including":[81],"patch-based":[82,102],"anomaly":[83,103],"detection,":[84],"pixel-wise":[85,107,134],"localization,":[87],"cluster":[90],"detection.":[91,104],"Specifically,":[92],"receiver":[94],"operating":[95],"characteristic":[96],"(ROC)":[97],"analysis":[98,109,116],"was":[99],"used":[100],"for":[101],"Then,":[105],"a":[106,111,133,141],"ROC":[108,114],"cluster-based":[112,142],"free-response":[113],"(FROC)":[115],"performed":[118],"assess":[120],"our":[121,169],"detection":[122],"algorithms":[123],"individual":[125],"microcalcifications":[126],"clusters,":[129],"respectively.":[130],"We":[131],"achieved":[132],"AUC":[135],"0.97":[137],"as":[138,140],"well":[139],"sensitivity":[143],"0.62":[145],"at":[146,154],"1":[147],"false":[148,156],"positive":[149],"per":[150,158],"image":[151],"0.75":[153],"2.5":[155],"positives":[157],"image.":[159],"Both":[160],"qualitative":[161],"quantitative":[163],"results":[164],"demonstrated":[165],"effectiveness":[167],"method.":[170]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
