{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2922102042","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2513108","title":"Localization and labeling of cervical vertebral bones in the micro-CT images of rabbit fetuses using a 3D deep convolutional neural network","display_name":"Localization and labeling of cervical vertebral bones in the micro-CT images of rabbit fetuses using a 3D deep convolutional neural network","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-03-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2922102042","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2513108","mag":"2922102042"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1117/12.2513108","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2513108","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Medical Imaging 2019: Image Processing","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036328196","display_name":"Antong Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3463-9650"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1285764155","display_name":"Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/02891sr49","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1285764155"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Antong Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Merck & Co., Inc. (United States)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Merck & Co., Inc. (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1285764155"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109876592","display_name":"Dahai Xue","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1285764155","display_name":"Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/02891sr49","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1285764155"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dahai Xue","raw_affiliation_strings":["Merck & Co., Inc. (United States)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Merck & Co., Inc. (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1285764155"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041070280","display_name":"Tosha Shah","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1285764155","display_name":"Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/02891sr49","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1285764155"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tosha Shah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Merck & Co., Inc. (United States)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Merck & Co., Inc. (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1285764155"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034006801","display_name":"Catherine D. G. Hines","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9826-3164"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1285764155","display_name":"Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/02891sr49","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1285764155"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Catherine D. G. Hines","raw_affiliation_strings":["Merck & Co., Inc. (United States)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Merck & Co., Inc. (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1285764155"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079833111","display_name":"Alexa Gleason","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1285764155","display_name":"Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/02891sr49","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1285764155"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alexa Gleason","raw_affiliation_strings":["Merck & Co., Inc. (United States)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Merck & Co., Inc. (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1285764155"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102507735","display_name":"Manishkumar Patel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-3419-2755"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1285764155","display_name":"Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/02891sr49","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1285764155"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Manishkumar Patel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Merck & Co., Inc. (United States)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Merck & Co., Inc. (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1285764155"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036845660","display_name":"Barbara Robinson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1721-7682"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1285764155","display_name":"Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/02891sr49","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1285764155"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Barbara Robinson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Merck & Co., Inc. (United States)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Merck & Co., Inc. (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1285764155"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044777801","display_name":"Britta A. Mattson","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1285764155","display_name":"Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/02891sr49","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1285764155"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Britta Mattson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Merck & Co., Inc. (United States)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Merck & Co., Inc. (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1285764155"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050923318","display_name":"Belma Dogdas","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1285764155","display_name":"Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/02891sr49","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1285764155"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Belma Dogdas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Merck & Co., Inc. (United States)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Merck & Co., Inc. (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1285764155"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5036328196"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1285764155"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.1956,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.48434348,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"38","last_page":"38"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14510","display_name":"Medical Imaging and Analysis","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14510","display_name":"Medical Imaging and Analysis","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10052","display_name":"Medical Image Segmentation Techniques","score":0.9742000102996826,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10238","display_name":"Spine and Intervertebral Disc Pathology","score":0.9642999768257141,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2734","display_name":"Pathology and Forensic Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.7642031908035278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6597453951835632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6357221603393555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.5262481570243835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.488338440656662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.43241819739341736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.42716872692108154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anatomy","display_name":"Anatomy","score":0.37881898880004883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.18702968955039978}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.7642031908035278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6597453951835632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6357221603393555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5262481570243835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.488338440656662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.43241819739341736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.42716872692108154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105702510","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q514","display_name":"Anatomy","level":1,"score":0.37881898880004883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.18702968955039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1117/12.2513108","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2513108","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Medical Imaging 2019: Image Processing","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.46000000834465027,"display_name":"Zero hunger","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":9,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1522301498","https://openalex.org/W1587775610","https://openalex.org/W1651609297","https://openalex.org/W2027499706","https://openalex.org/W2049981393","https://openalex.org/W2132147596","https://openalex.org/W2464708700","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6738183239"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4293226380","https://openalex.org/W4375867731","https://openalex.org/W2770593030","https://openalex.org/W2611989081","https://openalex.org/W4226493464","https://openalex.org/W4312417841","https://openalex.org/W3133861977","https://openalex.org/W2951211570","https://openalex.org/W3103566983","https://openalex.org/W3029198973"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"developmental":[1],"and":[2,42,55,217,221,262,271],"reproductive":[3],"toxicology":[4],"(DART)":[5],"studies,":[6],"high-throughput":[7],"micro-CT":[8,33,240],"imaging":[9],"of":[10,23,31,71,156,236,268],"Dutch-Belted":[11],"rabbit":[12,238],"fetuses":[13],"has":[14],"been":[15],"used":[16,177],"as":[17,191],"a":[18,40,63,131,165,172,213,234,256],"method":[19],"for":[20,101,183,223,260,272],"the":[21,32,36,60,69,84,89,92,141,145,153,180,188,192,203,209,219,224,265,274,277],"assessment":[22],"compound-induced":[24],"skeletal":[25],"abnormalities.":[26],"Since":[27],"performing":[28],"visual":[29],"inspection":[30],"images":[34,190,243],"by":[35,125],"DART":[37],"scientists":[38],"is":[39,115,138,176,197],"time-":[41],"resource-intensive":[43],"task,":[44],"an":[45,106,251],"automatic":[46],"strategy":[47],"was":[48,282],"proposed":[49,116],"to":[50,68,98,117,151,163,178,200],"localize,":[51],"segment":[52],"out,":[53],"label,":[54],"evaluate":[56],"each":[57,120,129],"bone":[58,75,123,185],"on":[59,79,83,109,233,264],"skeleton":[61],"in":[62,73,161],"testing":[64,266],"environment.":[65],"However,":[66],"due":[67],"lack":[70],"robustness":[72],"this":[74],"localization":[76,99,261,280],"approach,":[77],"failures":[78],"localizing":[80],"certain":[81],"bones":[82,103],"critical":[85],"path":[86],"while":[87],"traversing":[88],"skeleton,":[90],"e.g.,":[91],"cervical":[93,121,148,226],"vertebral":[94,122,184,227],"bones,":[95],"could":[96],"lead":[97],"errors":[100],"other":[102],"downstream.":[104],"Herein":[105],"approach":[107],"based":[108],"deep":[110,169],"convolutional":[111],"neural":[112],"networks":[113],"(CNN)":[114],"automatically":[118],"localize":[119],"represented":[124],"its":[126],"center.":[127],"For":[128],"center,":[130],"3D":[132,173],"probability":[133,181],"map":[134],"with":[135,140,171,205],"Gaussian":[136],"decay":[137],"computed":[139],"center":[142],"itself":[143],"being":[144],"maximum.":[146],"From":[147],"vertebrae":[149],"C1":[150],"C7,":[152],"7":[154,225],"volumes":[155],"distance":[157],"transforms":[158],"are":[159],"stacked":[160],"order":[162],"form":[164],"4-dimensional":[166],"array.":[167],"The":[168,242],"CNN":[170],"U-Net":[174],"architecture":[175],"estimate":[179],"maps":[182],"centers":[186],"from":[187],"CT":[189],"input.":[193],"A":[194],"post-processing":[195],"scheme":[196],"then":[198],"applied":[199],"find":[201],"all":[202,273],"regions":[204],"positive":[206],"response,":[207],"eliminate":[208],"false":[210],"ones":[211],"using":[212],"point-based":[214],"registration":[215],"method,":[216],"provide":[218],"locations":[220],"labels":[222],"bones.":[228],"Experiments":[229],"were":[230,244],"carried":[231],"out":[232],"dataset":[235,267],"345":[237],"fetus":[239],"volumes.":[241],"randomly":[245],"divided":[246],"into":[247],"training/validation/testing":[248],"sets":[249],"at":[250,283],"80/10/10":[252],"ratio.":[253],"Results":[254],"demonstrated":[255],"94.3%":[257],"success":[258],"rate":[259],"labeling":[263],"35":[269],"images,":[270],"successful":[275],"cases":[276],"average":[278],"bone-by-bone":[279],"error":[281],"0.84":[284],"voxel.":[285]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
