{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2903804687","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2513089","title":"Evaluating the impact of intensity normalization on MR image synthesis","display_name":"Evaluating the impact of intensity normalization on MR image synthesis","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-03-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2903804687","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2513089","mag":"2903804687","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31551645"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1117/12.2513089","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2513089","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Medical Imaging 2019: Image Processing","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6758567","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002287091","display_name":"Jacob C. Reinhold","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","display_name":"Johns Hopkins University","ror":"https://ror.org/00za53h95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jacob C. Reinhold","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA 21218","Johns Hopkins Univ. (United States)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA 21218","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Johns Hopkins Univ. (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044628433","display_name":"Blake E. Dewey","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4554-5058"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","display_name":"Johns Hopkins University","ror":"https://ror.org/00za53h95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Blake E. Dewey","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA 21218","F.M. Kirby Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA, 21205","Johns Hopkins Univ. (United States)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA 21218","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"F.M. Kirby Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA, 21205","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Johns Hopkins Univ. (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075622613","display_name":"Aaron Carass","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4939-5085"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aaron Carass","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA 21218","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA 21218"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA 21218","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA 21218","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066682675","display_name":"Jerry L. Prince","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6553-0876"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","display_name":"Johns Hopkins University","ror":"https://ror.org/00za53h95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jerry L. Prince","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA 21218","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA 21218","Johns Hopkins Univ. (United States)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA 21218","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA 21218","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Johns Hopkins Univ. (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5002287091"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":9.4041,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":196,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98365101,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"10949","issue":null,"first_page":"126","last_page":"126"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10052","display_name":"Medical Image Segmentation Techniques","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10052","display_name":"Medical Image Segmentation Techniques","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10775","display_name":"Generative Adversarial Networks and Image Synthesis","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/normalization","display_name":"Normalization (sociology)","score":0.8656136393547058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/preprocessor","display_name":"Preprocessor","score":0.7283607125282288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7015605568885803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6905354261398315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.49006950855255127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4779817461967468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.47632700204849243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-segmentation","display_name":"Image segmentation","score":0.47163626551628113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-synthesis","display_name":"Image synthesis","score":0.4140084981918335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.32225245237350464}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136886441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q926129","display_name":"Normalization (sociology)","level":2,"score":0.8656136393547058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34736171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918333","display_name":"Preprocessor","level":2,"score":0.7283607125282288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7015605568885803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6905354261398315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.49006950855255127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4779817461967468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.47632700204849243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124504099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56933","display_name":"Image segmentation","level":3,"score":0.47163626551628113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2989087649","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176953","display_name":"Image synthesis","level":3,"score":0.4140084981918335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.32225245237350464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19165224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23404","display_name":"Anthropology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1117/12.2513089","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2513089","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Medical Imaging 2019: Image Processing","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmid:31551645","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31551645","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of SPIE--the International Society for Optical Engineering","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:6758567","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6758567","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Proc SPIE Int Soc Opt Eng","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:6758567","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6758567","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Proc SPIE Int Soc Opt Eng","raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1149274990","https://openalex.org/W1605218991","https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W1970928383","https://openalex.org/W1983060851","https://openalex.org/W1996595747","https://openalex.org/W2081599679","https://openalex.org/W2117340355","https://openalex.org/W2133665775","https://openalex.org/W2137499573","https://openalex.org/W2140854449","https://openalex.org/W2145661921","https://openalex.org/W2154158661","https://openalex.org/W2166219471","https://openalex.org/W2280942156","https://openalex.org/W2517395172","https://openalex.org/W2554933181","https://openalex.org/W2594313306","https://openalex.org/W2724957061","https://openalex.org/W2758189139","https://openalex.org/W2767044624","https://openalex.org/W2790289706","https://openalex.org/W2963105382","https://openalex.org/W3211573487","https://openalex.org/W4301904090","https://openalex.org/W6636198569","https://openalex.org/W6639824700","https://openalex.org/W6670692413","https://openalex.org/W6734257306","https://openalex.org/W6803356969"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2591697403","https://openalex.org/W2944728705","https://openalex.org/W2904022177","https://openalex.org/W2359348847","https://openalex.org/W3011538607","https://openalex.org/W4294432981","https://openalex.org/W4321441197","https://openalex.org/W2953716828","https://openalex.org/W2469820710","https://openalex.org/W1522196789"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Image":[0],"synthesis":[1,95,115,120],"learns":[2],"a":[3,15,110],"transformation":[4,61],"from":[5],"the":[6,20,46,49,60,67,99,114],"intensity":[7,89,107,128],"features":[8],"of":[9,19,48,77,101],"an":[10],"input":[11,50,78],"image":[12,34,137],"to":[13,28,58,97],"yield":[14],"different":[16,88,94],"tissue":[17],"contrast":[18],"output":[21],"image.":[22],"This":[23],"process":[24],"has":[25],"been":[26],"shown":[27],"have":[29],"application":[30],"in":[31,56,63],"many":[32],"medical":[33],"analysis":[35],"tasks":[36],"including":[37],"imputation,":[38],"registration,":[39],"and":[40,62,92],"segmentation.":[41],"To":[42],"carry":[43],"out":[44],"synthesis,":[45],"intensities":[47],"images":[51],"are":[52],"typically":[53],"scaled-i.e.,":[54],"normalized-both":[55],"training":[57],"learn":[59],"testing":[64],"when":[65],"applying":[66],"transformation,":[68],"but":[69],"it":[70],"is":[71,80,130],"not":[72],"presently":[73],"known":[74],"what":[75],"type":[76],"scaling":[79],"optimal.":[81],"In":[82],"this":[83],"paper,":[84],"we":[85,123],"consider":[86],"seven":[87],"normalization":[90,108,129],"algorithms":[91],"three":[93],"methods":[96],"evaluate":[98],"impact":[100],"normalization.":[102],"Our":[103],"experiments":[104],"demonstrate":[105],"that":[106,126],"as":[109],"preprocessing":[111],"step":[112],"improves":[113],"results":[116],"across":[117],"all":[118],"investigated":[119],"algorithms.":[121],"Furthermore,":[122],"show":[124],"evidence":[125],"suggests":[127],"vital":[131],"for":[132],"successful":[133],"deep":[134],"learning-based":[135],"MR":[136],"synthesis.":[138]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":36},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":30},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":37},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":36},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":33},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}