{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2922212472","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2512547","title":"Automated prostate segmentation of volumetric CT images using 3D deeply supervised dilated FCN","display_name":"Automated prostate segmentation of volumetric CT images using 3D deeply supervised dilated FCN","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-03-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2922212472","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2512547","mag":"2922212472"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1117/12.2512547","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2512547","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Medical Imaging 2019: Image Processing","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Bo Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150468666","display_name":"Emory University","ror":"https://ror.org/03czfpz43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150468666"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21642278","display_name":"Ningxia University","ror":"https://ror.org/04j7b2v61","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21642278"]}],"countries":["CN","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bo Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Emory Univ. (United States)","Ningxia Univ. (China)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Emory Univ. (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150468666"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ningxia Univ. (China)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21642278"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011903902","display_name":"Yang Lei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3572-0345"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150468666","display_name":"Emory University","ror":"https://ror.org/03czfpz43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150468666"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang Lei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Emory Univ. (United States)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Emory Univ. (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150468666"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049656223","display_name":"Tonghe Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9021-1204"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150468666","display_name":"Emory University","ror":"https://ror.org/03czfpz43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150468666"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tonghe Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Emory Univ. (United States)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Emory Univ. (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150468666"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101600403","display_name":"Xue Dong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6213-2821"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150468666","display_name":"Emory University","ror":"https://ror.org/03czfpz43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150468666"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xue Dong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Emory Univ. (United States)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Emory Univ. (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150468666"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048786190","display_name":"Sibo Tian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5018-4854"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150468666","display_name":"Emory University","ror":"https://ror.org/03czfpz43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150468666"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sibo Tian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Emory Univ. (United States)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Emory Univ. (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150468666"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101896306","display_name":"Xiaojun Jiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1087-8787"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150468666","display_name":"Emory University","ror":"https://ror.org/03czfpz43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150468666"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaojun Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Emory Univ. (United States)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Emory Univ. (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150468666"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112746616","display_name":"Ashesh B. Jani","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150468666","display_name":"Emory University","ror":"https://ror.org/03czfpz43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150468666"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ashesh B. Jani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Emory Univ. (United States)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Emory Univ. (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150468666"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100365651","display_name":"Tian Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4587-4399"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150468666","display_name":"Emory University","ror":"https://ror.org/03czfpz43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150468666"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tian Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Emory Univ. (United States)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Emory Univ. (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150468666"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026088869","display_name":"Walter J. Curran","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7552-4453"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150468666","display_name":"Emory University","ror":"https://ror.org/03czfpz43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150468666"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Walter J. Curran","raw_affiliation_strings":["Emory Univ. (United States)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Emory Univ. (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150468666"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024852113","display_name":"Pretesh Patel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3522-1204"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150468666","display_name":"Emory University","ror":"https://ror.org/03czfpz43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150468666"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pretesh Patel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Emory Univ. (United States)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Emory Univ. (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150468666"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100619090","display_name":"Xiaofeng Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9023-5855"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150468666","display_name":"Emory University","ror":"https://ror.org/03czfpz43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150468666"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaofeng Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Emory Univ. (United States)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Emory Univ. (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150468666"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":11,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.8304,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":19,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88487883,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"99","last_page":"99"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10052","display_name":"Medical Image Segmentation Techniques","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10052","display_name":"Medical Image Segmentation Techniques","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14510","display_name":"Medical Imaging and Analysis","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12422","display_name":"Radiomics and Machine Learning in Medical Imaging","score":0.9939000010490417,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.6662022471427917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-segmentation","display_name":"Image segmentation","score":0.6237775683403015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6083009243011475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5983051061630249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.5500603318214417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prostate","display_name":"Prostate","score":0.49360549449920654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computed-tomography","display_name":"Computed tomography","score":0.4910421371459961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiology","display_name":"Radiology","score":0.2810206413269043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.2684585154056549}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.6662022471427917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124504099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56933","display_name":"Image segmentation","level":3,"score":0.6237775683403015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6083009243011475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5983051061630249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.5500603318214417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776235491","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9625","display_name":"Prostate","level":3,"score":0.49360549449920654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C544519230","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q32566","display_name":"Computed tomography","level":2,"score":0.4910421371459961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.2810206413269043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.2684585154056549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121608353","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12078","display_name":"Cancer","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1117/12.2512547","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2512547","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Medical Imaging 2019: Image Processing","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.699999988079071,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1254779325","https://openalex.org/W1677182931","https://openalex.org/W1982765519","https://openalex.org/W1988633347","https://openalex.org/W1992533954","https://openalex.org/W2042730326","https://openalex.org/W2044267436","https://openalex.org/W2080830831","https://openalex.org/W2085064388","https://openalex.org/W2087666149","https://openalex.org/W2087844787","https://openalex.org/W2137013440","https://openalex.org/W2161640927","https://openalex.org/W2299051733","https://openalex.org/W2307235895","https://openalex.org/W2343861259","https://openalex.org/W2357815549","https://openalex.org/W2412782625","https://openalex.org/W2432481613","https://openalex.org/W2464708700","https://openalex.org/W2555096873","https://openalex.org/W2582220857","https://openalex.org/W2591656195","https://openalex.org/W2592929672","https://openalex.org/W2592939477","https://openalex.org/W2756428459","https://openalex.org/W2805205462","https://openalex.org/W2896668283","https://openalex.org/W2897699114","https://openalex.org/W2904950251","https://openalex.org/W2914533527","https://openalex.org/W2955340354","https://openalex.org/W2963840672","https://openalex.org/W4233974599","https://openalex.org/W4239524281","https://openalex.org/W4295245474","https://openalex.org/W6647769273","https://openalex.org/W6661221832","https://openalex.org/W6696085341","https://openalex.org/W6697527525","https://openalex.org/W6698218707","https://openalex.org/W6732751041","https://openalex.org/W6734390471","https://openalex.org/W6738846887","https://openalex.org/W6752335598","https://openalex.org/W6755601221","https://openalex.org/W6765373157"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4379231730","https://openalex.org/W4389858081","https://openalex.org/W2395586933","https://openalex.org/W2501551404","https://openalex.org/W4385583601","https://openalex.org/W4298131179","https://openalex.org/W2113201962","https://openalex.org/W4395685956","https://openalex.org/W2137157171","https://openalex.org/W1522196789"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Segmentation":[0],"of":[1,26,37,142,149,173],"the":[2,27,35,38,41,52,99,107,111,169],"prostate":[3,28,44,83,122,131,162],"in":[4,12,49,62,84,102],"3D":[5,71],"CT":[6,63,85,132,161],"images":[7,133],"is":[8,29,46,54],"a":[9,70,136],"crucial":[10],"step":[11],"treatment":[13,171],"planning":[14,172],"and":[15,21,32,97,134,144,175],"procedure":[16],"guidance":[17],"such":[18],"as":[19],"brachytherapy":[20,174],"radiotherapy.":[22,178],"However,":[23],"manual":[24],"segmentation":[25,45],"very":[30,55],"time-consuming":[31],"depends":[33],"on":[34],"experience":[36],"clinician.":[39],"On":[40],"contrary,":[42],"automated":[43],"more":[47,93,116],"helpful":[48],"practice,":[50],"whereas":[51],"task":[53],"challenging":[56],"due":[57],"to":[58,80,114],"low":[59],"soft-tissue":[60],"contrast":[61],"images.":[64,86],"In":[65],"this":[66],"paper,":[67],"we":[68],"propose":[69],"deeply":[72],"supervised":[73],"fully-convolutional-network":[74],"(FCN)":[75],"with":[76],"dilated":[77,108],"convolution":[78,109],"kernel":[79],"automatically":[81],"segment":[82],"A":[87],"deep":[88],"supervision":[89],"strategy":[90],"could":[91],"acquire":[92],"powerful":[94],"discriminative":[95],"capability":[96],"accelerate":[98],"optimization":[100],"convergence":[101],"training":[103],"stage,":[104],"while":[105],"concatenating":[106],"enlarges":[110],"receptive":[112],"field":[113],"extract":[115],"global":[117],"contextual":[118],"information":[119],"for":[120,168],"accurate":[121,160],"segmentation.":[123],"The":[124,152],"presented":[125],"method":[126],"was":[127],"evaluated":[128],"using":[129],"15":[130],"obtained":[135],"mean":[137,145],"Dice":[138],"similarity":[139],"coefficient":[140],"(DSC)":[141],"0.85±0.04":[143],"surface":[146],"distance":[147],"(MSD)":[148],"1.92±0.46":[150],"mm.":[151],"experimental":[153],"results":[154],"show":[155],"that":[156],"our":[157],"approach":[158],"yields":[159],"segmentation,":[163],"which":[164],"can":[165],"be":[166],"employed":[167],"prostate-cancer":[170],"external":[176],"beam":[177]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}