{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2921612479","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2511738","title":"Using deep machine learning to detect esophageal lesions in PET-CT scans","display_name":"Using deep machine learning to detect esophageal lesions in PET-CT scans","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-03-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2921612479","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2511738","mag":"2921612479"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1117/12.2511738","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2511738","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Medical Imaging 2019: Biomedical Applications in Molecular, Structural, and Functional Imaging","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016541901","display_name":"I. Ackerley","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28290843","display_name":"University of Surrey","ror":"https://ror.org/00ks66431","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ian Ackerley","raw_affiliation_strings":["Univ. of Surrey (United Kingdom)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. of Surrey (United Kingdom)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021509460","display_name":"Emiliano Spezi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1452-8813"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79510175","display_name":"Cardiff University","ror":"https://ror.org/03kk7td41","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79510175"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Emilio Spezi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cardiff Univ. (United Kingdom)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cardiff Univ. (United Kingdom)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79510175"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110673295","display_name":"Vineet Prakash","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-7554-2686"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799660017","display_name":"Royal Surrey County Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/02w7x5c08","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799660017","https://openalex.org/I4210146582"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vineet Prakash","raw_affiliation_strings":["Royal Surrey County Hospital  (United Kingdom)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Royal Surrey County Hospital  (United Kingdom)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799660017"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062465983","display_name":"Rhodri Smith","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9359-4730"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800861664","display_name":"University Hospital of Wales","ror":"https://ror.org/04fgpet95","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299209451","https://openalex.org/I2800861664","https://openalex.org/I4210144625"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rhodri L. Smith","raw_affiliation_strings":["Univ. Hospital of Wales (United Kingdom)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. Hospital of Wales (United Kingdom)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800861664"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091554832","display_name":"James Scuffham","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0492-0539"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799660017","display_name":"Royal Surrey County Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/02w7x5c08","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799660017","https://openalex.org/I4210146582"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28290843","display_name":"University of Surrey","ror":"https://ror.org/00ks66431","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"James W. Scuffham","raw_affiliation_strings":["Royal Surrey County Hospital (United Kingdom)","Univ. of Surrey (United Kingdom)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Royal Surrey County Hospital (United Kingdom)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799660017"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. of Surrey (United Kingdom)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080910385","display_name":"Emma Lewis","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799660017","display_name":"Royal Surrey County Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/02w7x5c08","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799660017","https://openalex.org/I4210146582"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Emma Lewis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Royal Surrey County Hospital  (United Kingdom)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Royal Surrey County Hospital  (United Kingdom)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799660017"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062698689","display_name":"Mark Halling\u2010Brown","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6247-4768"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799660017","display_name":"Royal Surrey County Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/02w7x5c08","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799660017","https://openalex.org/I4210146582"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mark D. Halling-Brown","raw_affiliation_strings":["Royal Surrey County Hospital  (United Kingdom)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Royal Surrey County Hospital  (United Kingdom)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799660017"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064537633","display_name":"Kevin Wells","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4658-8060"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799660017","display_name":"Royal Surrey County Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/02w7x5c08","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799660017","https://openalex.org/I4210146582"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kevin Wells","raw_affiliation_strings":["Royal Surrey County Hospital (United Kingdom)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Royal Surrey County Hospital (United Kingdom)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799660017"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5016541901"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.6855,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.71244527,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"26","last_page":"26"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12422","display_name":"Radiomics and Machine Learning in Medical Imaging","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12422","display_name":"Radiomics and Machine Learning in Medical Imaging","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10619","display_name":"Esophageal Cancer Research and Treatment","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10522","display_name":"Medical Imaging Techniques and Applications","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6516298651695251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.5381947159767151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5166740417480469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3668065667152405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiology","display_name":"Radiology","score":0.344870388507843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.23322489857673645}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6516298651695251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5381947159767151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5166740417480469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3668065667152405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.344870388507843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.23322489857673645}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1117/12.2511738","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2511738","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Medical Imaging 2019: Biomedical Applications in Molecular, Structural, and Functional Imaging","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk:125441","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/id/eprint/125441/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401195","display_name":"ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79510175","host_organization_name":"Cardiff University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79510175"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Conference or Workshop Item"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.41999998688697815}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1977452142","https://openalex.org/W2020618634","https://openalex.org/W2040439036","https://openalex.org/W2040481562","https://openalex.org/W2043408616","https://openalex.org/W2072305445","https://openalex.org/W2089201234","https://openalex.org/W2156835537","https://openalex.org/W2168303252","https://openalex.org/W2170384969","https://openalex.org/W2189395170","https://openalex.org/W2344528587","https://openalex.org/W2523246573","https://openalex.org/W2729494947","https://openalex.org/W2799116291","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6687405375","https://openalex.org/W6727249380","https://openalex.org/W6750437431"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2731899572","https://openalex.org/W3215138031","https://openalex.org/W2058170566","https://openalex.org/W2755342338","https://openalex.org/W2772917594","https://openalex.org/W2166024367","https://openalex.org/W3116076068","https://openalex.org/W3009238340","https://openalex.org/W2229312674","https://openalex.org/W2951359407"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"PET-CT":[0],"scans":[1,39,77],"using":[2,40],"18F-FDG":[3,38],"are":[4],"increasingly":[5],"used":[6,100],"to":[7,16,64,101],"detect":[8,65],"cancer,":[9],"but":[10],"interpretation":[11],"can":[12],"be":[13],"challenging":[14],"due":[15],"non-specific":[17],"uptake":[18],"and":[19,58,94,121,138],"complex":[20],"anatomical":[21],"structures":[22],"nearby.":[23],"To":[24],"aide":[25],"this":[26],"process,":[27],"we":[28],"investigate":[29],"the":[30,118,129,136],"potential":[31],"of":[32,35,83,105,145],"automated":[33],"detection":[34],"lesions":[36,67],"in":[37,68],"deep":[41],"learning":[42],"tools.":[43],"A":[44],"5-layer":[45],"convolutional":[46],"neural":[47],"network":[48],"(CNN)":[49],"with":[50],"2x2":[51],"kernels,":[52],"rectified":[53],"linear":[54],"unit":[55],"(ReLU)":[56],"activations":[57],"two":[59],"dense":[60],"layers":[61],"was":[62],"trained":[63],"cancerous":[66],"2D":[69],"axial":[70],"image":[71,109],"segments":[72,114,124],"from":[73,78,135],"PET":[74],"scans.":[75],"Pre-contoured":[76],"a":[79,103],"retrospective":[80],"cohort":[81],"study":[82],"480":[84],"oesophageal":[85],"cancer":[86],"patients":[87],"were":[88,98,115,125],"split":[89],"80:10:10":[90],"into":[91],"training,":[92],"validation":[93,139],"test":[95],"sets.":[96],"These":[97],"then":[99],"generate":[102],"total":[104],"~14000":[106],"45\u00d745":[107],"pixel":[108],"segments,":[110],"where":[111],"tumor":[112,122],"present":[113],"centered":[116],"on":[117],"marked":[119,130],"lesion,":[120],"absent":[123],"randomly":[126],"located":[127],"outside":[128],"lesion.":[131],"ROC":[132],"curves":[133],"generated":[134],"training":[137],"datasets":[140],"produced":[141],"an":[142],"average":[143],"AUC":[144],"~&lt;95%.":[146]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-21T08:09:41.155169","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
