{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2789688372","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2293293","title":"Automated quasi-3D spine curvature quantification and classification","display_name":"Automated quasi-3D spine curvature quantification and classification","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-02-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2789688372","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2293293","mag":"2789688372"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1117/12.2293293","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2293293","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306519508","display_name":"Medical Imaging 2018: Computer-Aided Diagnosis","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Medical Imaging 2018: Computer-Aided Diagnosis","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017247489","display_name":"Rupal Khilari","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71838634","display_name":"San Francisco State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05ykr0121","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71838634"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rupal Khilari","raw_affiliation_strings":["San Francisco State Univ. (United States)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"San Francisco State Univ. (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71838634"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029038132","display_name":"Juris Puchin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71838634","display_name":"San Francisco State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05ykr0121","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71838634"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Juris Puchin","raw_affiliation_strings":["San Francisco State Univ. (United States)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"San Francisco State Univ. (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71838634"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022893665","display_name":"Kazunori Okada","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4060-2829"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71838634","display_name":"San Francisco State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05ykr0121","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71838634"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kazunori Okada","raw_affiliation_strings":["San Francisco State Univ. (United States)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"San Francisco State Univ. (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71838634"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71838634"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"41","issue":null,"first_page":"119","last_page":"119"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14510","display_name":"Medical Imaging and Analysis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14510","display_name":"Medical Imaging and Analysis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10776","display_name":"Spinal Fractures and Fixation Techniques","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10238","display_name":"Spine and Intervertebral Disc Pathology","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2734","display_name":"Pathology and Forensic Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6114386320114136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/curvature","display_name":"Curvature","score":0.605075478553772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spine","display_name":"SPINE (molecular biology)","score":0.5187230706214905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4710051119327545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3216114640235901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.15696334838867188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.14123088121414185}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6114386320114136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195065555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214881","display_name":"Curvature","level":2,"score":0.605075478553772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205383261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7392570","display_name":"SPINE (molecular biology)","level":2,"score":0.5187230706214905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4710051119327545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3216114640235901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.15696334838867188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.14123088121414185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153911025","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7202","display_name":"Molecular biology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1117/12.2293293","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2293293","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306519508","display_name":"Medical Imaging 2018: Computer-Aided Diagnosis","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Medical Imaging 2018: Computer-Aided Diagnosis","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W193532918","https://openalex.org/W1950915640","https://openalex.org/W1964675598","https://openalex.org/W2014840856","https://openalex.org/W2028282432","https://openalex.org/W2029959380","https://openalex.org/W2035105327","https://openalex.org/W2081298929","https://openalex.org/W2142568044","https://openalex.org/W2163598303","https://openalex.org/W2189595720","https://openalex.org/W2580785948","https://openalex.org/W3034045923","https://openalex.org/W6607932683","https://openalex.org/W6640678430","https://openalex.org/W6687592480","https://openalex.org/W6779988263"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2772917594","https://openalex.org/W2058170566","https://openalex.org/W2755342338","https://openalex.org/W2166024367","https://openalex.org/W3116076068","https://openalex.org/W2229312674","https://openalex.org/W2951359407","https://openalex.org/W2079911747","https://openalex.org/W1969923398","https://openalex.org/W2775347418"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Scoliosis":[0],"is":[1,70],"a":[2,51,134,209],"highly":[3],"prevalent":[4],"spine":[5,65,85,162,192],"deformity":[6],"that":[7,203],"has":[8],"traditionally":[9],"been":[10],"diagnosed":[11],"through":[12],"measurement":[13],"of":[14,41,54,64,83,116,147,157,191,216,239],"the":[15,25,39,42,45,62,73,81,84,96,99,110,123,131,138,141,148,168,180,186,189,204,217,228],"Cobb":[16,46,173,218],"angle":[17,112,176,211],"on":[18,122,195],"radiographs.":[19],"More":[20],"recent":[21],"technology":[22],"such":[23],"as":[24],"commercial":[26],"EOS":[27],"imaging":[28],"system,":[29],"although":[30],"more":[31],"accurate,":[32],"also":[33,234],"require":[34],"manual":[35,76,172],"intervention":[36,77],"for":[37,75,198],"selecting":[38],"extremes":[40],"vertebrae":[43,97,223],"forming":[44],"angle.":[47],"This":[48,164],"results":[49,169,205],"in":[50,60,86,140,236],"high":[52],"degree":[53],"inter":[55],"and":[56,106,143,174,188,219,222],"intra":[57],"observer":[58],"error":[59],"determining":[61],"extent":[63],"deformity.":[66],"Our":[67,232],"primary":[68],"focus":[69],"to":[71],"eliminate":[72],"need":[74],"by":[78,226],"robustly":[79],"quantifying":[80],"curvature":[82,139,193],"three":[87],"dimensions,":[88],"making":[89],"it":[90],"consistent":[91],"across":[92],"multiple":[93,119],"observers.":[94],"Given":[95],"centroids,":[98],"proposed":[100],"Vertebrae":[101],"Sequence":[102],"Angle":[103],"(VSA)":[104],"estimation":[105,177],"segmentation":[107],"algorithm":[108,132],"finds":[109],"largest":[111],"between":[113],"consecutive":[114],"pairs":[115],"centroids":[117],"within":[118,213],"inflection":[120],"points":[121],"curve.":[124],"To":[125],"exploit":[126],"existing":[127],"clinical":[128],"diagnostic":[129],"standards,":[130],"uses":[133],"quasi-3-dimensional":[135],"approach":[136],"considering":[137],"coronal":[142],"sagittal":[144],"projection":[145],"planes":[146],"spine.":[149],"Experiments":[150],"were":[151],"performed":[152],"with":[153,167,208,244,247],"manuallyannotated":[154],"ground-truth":[155],"classification":[156,197,238],"publicly":[158],"available,":[159],"centroid-annotated":[160],"CT":[161],"datasets.":[163],"was":[165],"compared":[166],"obtained":[170],"from":[171,241],"Centroid":[175,220],"methods.":[178],"Using":[179],"VSA,":[181],"we":[182],"then":[183],"automatically":[184],"classify":[185],"occurrence":[187],"severity":[190],"based":[194],"Lenke\u2019s":[196],"idiopathic":[199],"scoliosis.":[200],"We":[201],"observe":[202],"appear":[206],"promising":[207],"scoliotic":[210,240],"lying":[212],"±":[214],"9°":[215],"angle,":[221],"positions":[224],"differing":[225],"at":[227],"most":[229],"one":[230],"position.":[231],"system":[233],"resulted":[235],"perfect":[237],"healthy":[242],"spines":[243],"our":[245],"dataset":[246],"six":[248],"cases.":[249]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}