{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2595207830","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2254439","title":"Low-intensity calibration source for optical imaging systems","display_name":"Low-intensity calibration source for optical imaging systems","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-03-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2595207830","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2254439","mag":"2595207830"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1117/12.2254439","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2254439","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S183492911","display_name":"Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE","issn_l":"0277-786X","issn":["0277-786X","1996-756X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315543","host_organization_name":"SPIE","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315543"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SPIE"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SPIE Proceedings","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087490596","display_name":"David W. Holdsworth","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0603-5322"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105758","display_name":"Robarts Clinical Trials","ror":"https://ror.org/01e36dv41","country_code":"CA","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125749732","https://openalex.org/I4210105758","https://openalex.org/I4405252475"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125749732","display_name":"Western University","ror":"https://ror.org/02grkyz14","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125749732"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"David W. Holdsworth","raw_affiliation_strings":["Robarts Research Institute (Canada)","Univ. of Western Ontario (Canada)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Robarts Research Institute (Canada)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210105758"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. of Western Ontario (Canada)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125749732"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5087490596"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125749732","https://openalex.org/I4210105758"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.2083,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.54810513,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"10137","issue":null,"first_page":"101371L","last_page":"101371L"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10977","display_name":"Optical Imaging and Spectroscopy Techniques","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10977","display_name":"Optical Imaging and Spectroscopy Techniques","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12015","display_name":"Photoacoustic and Ultrasonic Imaging","score":0.9907000064849854,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10540","display_name":"Advanced Fluorescence Microscopy Techniques","score":0.9793999791145325,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1304","display_name":"Biophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.5617621541023254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.5430869460105896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photon","display_name":"Photon","score":0.5071685314178467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photon-counting","display_name":"Photon counting","score":0.493118017911911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/light-intensity","display_name":"Light intensity","score":0.46526435017585754}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.5617621541023254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.5430869460105896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159317903","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3198","display_name":"Photon","level":2,"score":0.5071685314178467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781402376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17126172","display_name":"Photon counting","level":3,"score":0.493118017911911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020368824","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6546192","display_name":"Light intensity","level":2,"score":0.46526435017585754}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1117/12.2254439","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2254439","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S183492911","display_name":"Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE","issn_l":"0277-786X","issn":["0277-786X","1996-756X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315543","host_organization_name":"SPIE","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315543"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SPIE"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SPIE Proceedings","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":12,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1997211001","https://openalex.org/W1997815173","https://openalex.org/W2003486307","https://openalex.org/W2012536094","https://openalex.org/W2022700402","https://openalex.org/W2024935516","https://openalex.org/W2029606255","https://openalex.org/W2059614428","https://openalex.org/W2149262494","https://openalex.org/W2157704902","https://openalex.org/W2224511046","https://openalex.org/W6651473877"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2935759653","https://openalex.org/W3105167352","https://openalex.org/W54078636","https://openalex.org/W2954470139","https://openalex.org/W1501425562","https://openalex.org/W2902782467","https://openalex.org/W3084825885","https://openalex.org/W2298861036","https://openalex.org/W2271181815"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Laboratory":[0],"optical":[1,39,163,196],"imaging":[2,8,164,197],"systems":[3,17,46,71],"for":[4,13,79,161,190],"fluorescence":[5],"and":[6,83],"bioluminescence":[7],"have":[9],"become":[10],"widely":[11],"available":[12,45],"research":[14],"applications.":[15],"These":[16],"use":[18],"an":[19,95],"ultra-sensitive":[20],"CCD":[21],"camera":[22],"to":[23,69,126,173],"produce":[24],"quantitative":[25,49],"measurements":[26,50],"of":[27,51,56,111,194],"very":[28,142,155],"low":[29,156],"light":[30,52,104,136,178],"intensity,":[31],"detecting":[32],"signals":[33],"from":[34,118],"small-animal":[35],"models":[36],"labeled":[37],"with":[38,169],"fluorophores":[40],"or":[41,62],"luminescent":[42],"emitters.":[43],"Commercially":[44],"typically":[47,167],"provide":[48],"output,":[53],"in":[54],"units":[55],"radiance":[57,115,184],"(photons":[58,64],"s<sup>-1</sup>":[59,65,123,131],"cm<sup>-2</sup>":[60,124,132],"SR<sup>-1</sup>)":[61],"intensity":[63,105,137],"cm<sup>-2</sup>).":[66],"One":[67],"limitation":[68],"current":[70],"is":[72,75,106,159],"that":[73,186],"there":[74],"often":[76],"no":[77],"provision":[78],"routine":[80,191],"quality":[81,90,192],"assurance":[82,91,193],"performance":[84],"evaluation.":[85],"We":[86],"describe":[87],"such":[88],"a":[89,181],"system,":[92],"based":[93],"on":[94],"LED-illuminated":[96],"thin-film":[97],"transistor":[98],"(TFT)":[99],"liquid-crystal":[100],"display":[101],"module.":[102],"The":[103,134,176],"controlled":[107],"by":[108,141],"pulse-width":[109],"modulation":[110],"the":[112],"backlight,":[113],"producing":[114],"values":[116,138],"ranging":[117],"1.8":[119],"x":[120,128],"10<sup>6</sup>":[121],"photons":[122,130],"SR<sup>-1</sup>":[125],"4.2":[127],"10<sup>13</sup>":[129],"SR<sup>-1</sup>.":[133],"lowest":[135],"are":[139],"produced":[140],"short":[143],"backlight":[144],"pulses":[145],"(i.e.":[146],"approximately":[147],"10":[148],"&mu;s),":[149],"repeated":[150],"every":[151],"300":[152],"s.":[153],"This":[154],"duty":[157],"cycle":[158],"appropriate":[160],"laboratory":[162,195],"systems,":[165],"which":[166],"operate":[168],"long-duration":[170],"exposures":[171],"(up":[172],"5":[174],"minutes).":[175],"low-intensity":[177],"source":[179],"provides":[180],"stable,":[182],"traceable":[183],"standard":[185],"can":[187],"be":[188],"used":[189],"systems.":[198]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}