{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2593146649","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2253688","title":"Automated grading of lumbar disc degeneration via supervised distance metric learning","display_name":"Automated grading of lumbar disc degeneration via supervised distance metric learning","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-03-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2593146649","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2253688","mag":"2593146649"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1117/12.2253688","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2253688","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S183492911","display_name":"Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE","issn_l":"0277-786X","issn":["0277-786X","1996-756X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315543","host_organization_name":"SPIE","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315543"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SPIE"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SPIE Proceedings","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082172800","display_name":"Xiaoxu He","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoxu He","raw_affiliation_strings":["Western Univ. (Canada)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Western Univ. (Canada)","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073290406","display_name":"Mark Landis","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mark Landis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Western Univ. (Canada)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Western Univ. (Canada)","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103820200","display_name":"Stephanie Leung","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stephanie Leung","raw_affiliation_strings":["Western Univ. (Canada)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Western Univ. (Canada)","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112210062","display_name":"James Warrington","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"James Warrington","raw_affiliation_strings":["Western Univ. (Canada)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Western Univ. (Canada)","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012299527","display_name":"Olga Shmuilovich","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Olga Shmuilovich","raw_affiliation_strings":["Western Univ. (Canada)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Western Univ. (Canada)","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100386630","display_name":"Shuo Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5184-3230"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuo Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Western Univ. (Canada)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Western Univ. (Canada)","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5082172800"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.7647,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.68767214,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"10134","issue":null,"first_page":"1013443","last_page":"1013443"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14510","display_name":"Medical Imaging and Analysis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14510","display_name":"Medical Imaging and Analysis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10238","display_name":"Spine and Intervertebral Disc Pathology","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2734","display_name":"Pathology and Forensic Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10084","display_name":"Musculoskeletal pain and rehabilitation","score":0.9911999702453613,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2736","display_name":"Pharmacology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grading","display_name":"Grading (engineering)","score":0.7438997626304626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6861388683319092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ambiguity","display_name":"Ambiguity","score":0.6045209169387817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6033332943916321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-imaging","display_name":"Medical imaging","score":0.5135462284088135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metric","display_name":"Metric (unit)","score":0.5003323554992676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4339156448841095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.37704145908355713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3452695310115814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.08073589205741882}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777286243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5591926","display_name":"Grading (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.7438997626304626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6861388683319092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780522230","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1140419","display_name":"Ambiguity","level":2,"score":0.6045209169387817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6033332943916321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31601959","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q931309","display_name":"Medical imaging","level":2,"score":0.5135462284088135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.5003323554992676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4339156448841095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.37704145908355713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3452695310115814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.08073589205741882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147176958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590","display_name":"Civil engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1117/12.2253688","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2253688","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S183492911","display_name":"Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE","issn_l":"0277-786X","issn":["0277-786X","1996-756X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315543","host_organization_name":"SPIE","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315543"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SPIE"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SPIE Proceedings","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.699999988079071,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W172260869","https://openalex.org/W1966188170","https://openalex.org/W2020305404","https://openalex.org/W2046296065","https://openalex.org/W2106053110","https://openalex.org/W2110096996","https://openalex.org/W2111381594","https://openalex.org/W2144935315","https://openalex.org/W2163245468","https://openalex.org/W2345662335","https://openalex.org/W2521499982","https://openalex.org/W2525576299","https://openalex.org/W2998206837","https://openalex.org/W4295334325","https://openalex.org/W6606982846","https://openalex.org/W6675751002","https://openalex.org/W6677933091","https://openalex.org/W6680962578","https://openalex.org/W6704837490","https://openalex.org/W6727468819"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2353179089","https://openalex.org/W2923538289","https://openalex.org/W2353125546","https://openalex.org/W2470643824","https://openalex.org/W4400595174","https://openalex.org/W2349635380","https://openalex.org/W4353089801","https://openalex.org/W2353819554","https://openalex.org/W2359488321","https://openalex.org/W2389866386"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Lumbar":[0],"disc":[1],"degeneration":[2],"(LDD)":[3],"is":[4,35,69,84,100,137,172],"a":[5,36,41,77,92,113,119],"commonly":[6],"age-associated":[7],"condition":[8],"related":[9],"to":[10,39,112,144],"low":[11],"back":[12],"pain,":[13],"while":[14],"its":[15],"consequences":[16],"are":[17],"responsible":[18],"for":[19,65],"over":[20],"90%":[21],"of":[22,30,67,95,107,205],"spine":[23],"surgical":[24],"procedures.":[25],"In":[26],"clinical":[27],"practice,":[28],"grading":[29,66,134],"LDD":[31,68],"by":[32],"inspecting":[33],"MRI":[34],"necessary":[37],"step":[38,46],"make":[40],"suitable":[42],"treatment":[43],"plan.":[44],"This":[45,97],"purely":[47],"relies":[48],"on":[49,139],"physicians":[50,220],"manual":[51],"inspection":[52],"so":[53],"that":[54],"it":[55],"brings":[56,118],"the":[57,73,103,146,183,203,225],"unbearable":[58],"tediousness":[59,226],"and":[60,105,117,174,187,227],"inefficiency.":[61],"An":[62],"automated":[63,133],"method":[64,207],"highly":[70],"desirable.":[71],"However,":[72],"technical":[74],"implementation":[75],"faces":[76],"big":[78],"challenge":[79,99,121],"from":[80,102,165,182,191,224],"class":[81,115,151],"ambiguity,":[82],"which":[83,110,136],"typical":[85,98],"in":[86,122,199],"medical":[87,108],"image":[88],"classification":[89],"problems":[90],"with":[91,175,208],"large":[93],"number":[94],"classes.":[96,125],"derived":[101],"complexity":[104],"diversity":[106],"images,":[109],"lead":[111],"serious":[114],"overlapping":[116],"great":[120],"discriminating":[123],"different":[124,192],"To":[126],"solve":[127],"this":[128],"problem,":[129],"we":[130],"proposed":[131],"an":[132,168,232],"approach,":[135,219],"based":[138],"supervised":[140],"distance":[141,163,170],"metric":[142,171],"learning":[143,162],"classify":[145],"input":[147],"discs":[148],"into":[149],"four":[150],"labels":[152],"(0:":[153],"normal,":[154],"1:":[155],"slight,":[156],"2:":[157],"marked,":[158],"3:":[159],"severe).":[160],"By":[161],"metrics":[164],"labeled":[166],"instances,":[167],"optimal":[169],"modeled":[173],"two":[176],"attractive":[177],"advantages:":[178],"(1)":[179],"keeps":[180,189],"images":[181,190],"same":[184],"classes":[185,193],"close,":[186],"(2)":[188],"far":[194],"apart.":[195],"The":[196],"experiments,":[197],"performed":[198],"93":[200],"subjects,":[201],"demonstrated":[202],"superiority":[204],"our":[206,218],"accuracy":[209],"0.9226,":[210],"sensitivity":[211],"0.9655,":[212],"specificity":[213],"0.9083,":[214],"F-score":[215],"0.8615.":[216],"With":[217],"will":[221,229],"be":[222,230],"free":[223],"patients":[228],"provided":[231],"effective":[233],"treatment.":[234]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}