{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2064804280","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2180578","title":"Search-free license plate localization based on saliency and local variance estimation","display_name":"Search-free license plate localization based on saliency and local variance estimation","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-02-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2064804280","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2180578","mag":"2064804280"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1117/12.2180578","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2180578","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S183492911","display_name":"Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE","issn_l":"0277-786X","issn":["0277-786X","1996-756X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315543","host_organization_name":"SPIE","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315543"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SPIE"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SPIE Proceedings","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103233205","display_name":"Amin Safaei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4789-2379"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28290843","display_name":"University of Surrey","ror":"https://ror.org/00ks66431","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Amin Safaei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Univ. of Surrey (United Kingdom)","University of Surrey,  United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. of Surrey (United Kingdom)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Surrey,  United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103218410","display_name":"Hongying Tang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2534-737X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28290843","display_name":"University of Surrey","ror":"https://ror.org/00ks66431","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"H. L. Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Univ. of Surrey (United Kingdom)","University of Surrey,  United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. of Surrey (United Kingdom)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Surrey,  United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004587843","display_name":"Saeid Sanei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1446-5744"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28290843","display_name":"University of Surrey","ror":"https://ror.org/00ks66431","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. Sanei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Univ. of Surrey (United Kingdom)","University of Surrey,  United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. of Surrey (United Kingdom)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Surrey,  United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5103233205"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.262,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83700487,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"9445","issue":null,"first_page":"94451U","last_page":"94451U"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12707","display_name":"Vehicle License Plate Recognition","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12707","display_name":"Vehicle License Plate Recognition","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9865000247955322,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9864000082015991,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.7970629930496216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6956387758255005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/license","display_name":"License","score":0.6720797419548035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6293686628341675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variance","display_name":"Variance (accounting)","score":0.5946625471115112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-complexity-theory","display_name":"Computational complexity theory","score":0.509423553943634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5002942085266113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.4809212386608124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimation","display_name":"Estimation","score":0.45349419116973877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.38247519731521606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3746923804283142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3621479868888855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.32443270087242126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.08628755807876587}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.7970629930496216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6956387758255005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780560020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79719","display_name":"License","level":2,"score":0.6720797419548035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6293686628341675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196083921","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7915758","display_name":"Variance (accounting)","level":2,"score":0.5946625471115112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179799912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205084","display_name":"Computational complexity theory","level":2,"score":0.509423553943634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5002942085266113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4809212386608124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96250715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q965330","display_name":"Estimation","level":2,"score":0.45349419116973877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.38247519731521606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3746923804283142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3621479868888855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.32443270087242126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.08628755807876587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121955636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4116214","display_name":"Accounting","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1117/12.2180578","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2180578","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S183492911","display_name":"Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE","issn_l":"0277-786X","issn":["0277-786X","1996-756X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315543","host_organization_name":"SPIE","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315543"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SPIE"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SPIE Proceedings","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:alma.44SUR_INST:11139305330002346","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&amp;SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&amp;SrcAuth=LinksAMR&amp;KeyUT=WOS:000350961700066&amp;DestLinkType=FullRecord&amp;DestApp=ALL_WOS&amp;UsrCustomerID=11d2a86992e85fb529977dad66a846d5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210197018","display_name":"View","issn_l":"2688-268X","issn":["2688-268X","2688-3988"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:epubs.surrey.ac.uk:839740","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/839740/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400680","display_name":"Surrey Research Insight Open Access (The University of Surrey)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I28290843","host_organization_name":"University of Surrey","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:irep.ntu.ac.uk:34520","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://irep.ntu.ac.uk/id/eprint/34520/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400559","display_name":"Nottingham Trent University's Institutional Repository (Nottingham Trent Repository)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I52590639","host_organization_name":"Nottingham Trent University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52590639"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":10,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1991514359","https://openalex.org/W1995891829","https://openalex.org/W2006591234","https://openalex.org/W2035372220","https://openalex.org/W2102608210","https://openalex.org/W2128272608","https://openalex.org/W2133003941","https://openalex.org/W2171786422","https://openalex.org/W2502894931","https://openalex.org/W6648399494"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2606446052","https://openalex.org/W2036021480","https://openalex.org/W3195777957","https://openalex.org/W2382668227","https://openalex.org/W2348482143","https://openalex.org/W2024584030","https://openalex.org/W3104168426","https://openalex.org/W1603675680","https://openalex.org/W2378211422","https://openalex.org/W2380964641"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"recent":[1],"years,":[2],"the":[3,19,62,76,96,114,117],"performance":[4],"and":[5,66,95,120],"accuracy":[6],"of":[7,22,39,58,64,78,93,102,108,116],"automatic":[8],"license":[9,80],"plate":[10],"number":[11,21,101],"recognition":[12],"(ALPR)":[13],"systems":[14,26],"have":[15,27],"greatly":[16],"improved,":[17],"however":[18],"increasing":[20],"applications":[23],"for":[24,47,124],"such":[25],"made":[28],"ALPR":[29,49],"research":[30],"more":[31],"challenging":[32],"than":[33],"ever.":[34],"The":[35,82,110],"inherent":[36],"computational":[37],"complexity":[38,94],"search":[40],"dependent":[41],"algorithms":[42],"remains":[43],"a":[44,54,100],"major":[45],"problem":[46],"current":[48],"systems.":[50],"This":[51],"paper":[52],"proposes":[53],"novel":[55],"search-free":[56],"method":[57,112],"localization":[59],"based":[60],"on":[61],"estimation":[63],"saliency":[65],"local":[67],"variance.":[68],"Gabor":[69],"functions":[70],"are":[71],"then":[72],"used":[73,123],"to":[74,86],"validate":[75],"choice":[77],"candidate":[79],"plate.":[81],"algorithm":[83],"was":[84],"applied":[85],"three":[87],"image":[88],"datasets":[89],"with":[90,99],"different":[91],"levels":[92],"results":[97],"compared":[98],"benchmark":[103],"methods,":[104],"particularly":[105],"in":[106],"terms":[107],"speed.":[109],"proposed":[111],"outperforms":[113],"state":[115],"art":[118],"methods":[119],"can":[121],"be":[122],"real":[125],"time":[126],"applications.":[127]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
