{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2528594495","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2083670","title":"Indoor positioning system using WLAN channel estimates as fingerprints for mobile devices","display_name":"Indoor positioning system using WLAN channel estimates as fingerprints for mobile devices","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-03-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2528594495","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2083670","mag":"2528594495"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1117/12.2083670","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2083670","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S183492911","display_name":"Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE","issn_l":"0277-786X","issn":["0277-786X","1996-756X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315543","host_organization_name":"SPIE","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315543"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SPIE"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SPIE Proceedings","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1907.00478","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Erick Schmidt","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45438204","display_name":"The University of Texas at San Antonio","ror":"https://ror.org/01kd65564","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45438204"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Erick Schmidt","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Univ. of Texas at San Antonio (United States)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Univ. of Texas at San Antonio (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45438204"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"David Akopian","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45438204","display_name":"The University of Texas at San Antonio","ror":"https://ror.org/01kd65564","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45438204"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Akopian","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Univ. of Texas at San Antonio (United States)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Univ. of Texas at San Antonio (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45438204"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45438204"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"9411","issue":null,"first_page":"94110R","last_page":"94110R"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9857000112533569,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9857000112533569,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.004000000189989805,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.0017000000225380063,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trilateration","display_name":"Trilateration","score":0.9262999892234802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rss","display_name":"RSS","score":0.8029000163078308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.6258000135421753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.5437999963760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/indoor-positioning-system","display_name":"Indoor positioning system","score":0.42980000376701355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-device","display_name":"Mobile device","score":0.388700008392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/position","display_name":"Position (finance)","score":0.3553999960422516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hybrid-positioning-system","display_name":"Hybrid positioning system","score":0.3513999879360199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/positioning-system","display_name":"Positioning system","score":0.3068000078201294}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20832178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1146298","display_name":"Trilateration","level":3,"score":0.9262999892234802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2385561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45432","display_name":"RSS","level":2,"score":0.8029000163078308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6305999755859375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.6258000135421753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.5514000058174133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.5437999963760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777486483","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6026477","display_name":"Indoor positioning system","level":3,"score":0.42980000376701355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186967261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5082128","display_name":"Mobile device","level":2,"score":0.388700008392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198082294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3399648","display_name":"Position (finance)","level":2,"score":0.3553999960422516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187394410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17141406","display_name":"Hybrid positioning system","level":4,"score":0.3513999879360199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778603505","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17141406","display_name":"Positioning system","level":3,"score":0.3068000078201294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.29820001125335693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.2896000146865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168406668","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178022","display_name":"Fingerprint recognition","level":3,"score":0.2883000075817108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155292070","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1198122","display_name":"Location-based service","level":2,"score":0.2827000021934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.2793000042438507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176808163","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17105794","display_name":"Signal strength","level":3,"score":0.2791000008583069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.2752000093460083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779696439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7512811","display_name":"Signature (topology)","level":2,"score":0.27309998869895935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72279823","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1139726","display_name":"Impulse response","level":2,"score":0.27230000495910645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2703999876976013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163150518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4135208","display_name":"Time of arrival","level":3,"score":0.26339998841285706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96250715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q965330","display_name":"Estimation","level":2,"score":0.2590000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154586513","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4420972","display_name":"Tracking system","level":3,"score":0.257999986410141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95491727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q992968","display_name":"Mobile telephony","level":3,"score":0.2547000050544739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C508800617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29643","display_name":"Wi-Fi","level":4,"score":0.25220000743865967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778913798","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1195672","display_name":"Received signal strength indication","level":3,"score":0.25110000371932983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207029474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q384018","display_name":"Mobile station","level":3,"score":0.2508000135421753}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1117/12.2083670","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2083670","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S183492911","display_name":"Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE","issn_l":"0277-786X","issn":["0277-786X","1996-756X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315543","host_organization_name":"SPIE","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315543"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SPIE"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SPIE Proceedings","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1907.00478","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1907.00478","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1907.00478","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1907.00478","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1907.00478","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1907.00478","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":11,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1541136496","https://openalex.org/W1608826770","https://openalex.org/W1889684668","https://openalex.org/W2069969173","https://openalex.org/W2329226150","https://openalex.org/W2538316715","https://openalex.org/W4210493863","https://openalex.org/W4252278281","https://openalex.org/W6675458768","https://openalex.org/W6679534625","https://openalex.org/W6684621379"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"the":[1,65,84,124,128,170,220,230],"growing":[2],"integration":[3],"of":[4,86,91,113,172,225],"location":[5,41,147],"based":[6,46,228],"services":[7],"(LBS)":[8],"such":[9,31,54],"as":[10,32,55,219],"GPS":[11],"in":[12,83,101,121,200,206],"mobile":[13],"devices,":[14],"indoor":[15,40,60,87,134],"position":[16],"systems":[17],"(IPS)":[18],"have":[19],"become":[20],"an":[21],"important":[22],"role":[23],"for":[24,39,81,145,151,222],"research.":[25],"There":[26],"are":[27,44,109,160,182,198,210],"several":[28,189],"IPS":[29],"methods":[30,50],"AOA,":[33],"TOA,":[34],"TDOA,":[35],"which":[36,57,70,136,148],"use":[37],"trilateration":[38],"estimation":[42,126,237],"but":[43],"generally":[45],"on":[47,52,229],"line-of-sight.":[48],"Other":[49],"rely":[51],"classification":[53,85,98],"fingerprinting":[56,68,102],"uses":[58,71],"WLAN":[59,67],"signals.":[61],"This":[62],"paper":[63,93],"re-examines":[64],"classical":[66],"accuracy":[69],"received":[72],"signal":[73],"strength":[74],"(RSS)":[75],"measurements":[76],"by":[77,103],"introducing":[78,104],"channel":[79,105,117,125,158,236],"estimates":[80,106,159],"improvements":[82],"locations.":[88],"The":[89,116],"purpose":[90],"this":[92,122,156,201],"is":[94,217],"to":[95],"improve":[96],"existing":[97],"algorithms":[99],"used":[100,199,218],"when":[107],"there":[108],"a":[110,132,142,163,175,185],"low":[111],"number":[112],"APs":[114],"available.":[115],"impulse":[118],"response,":[119],"or":[120],"case":[123],"from":[127,162,174,184,233],"receiver,":[129],"should":[130],"characterize":[131],"complex":[133],"area":[135],"usually":[137],"has":[138],"multipath,":[139],"thus":[140,168],"providing":[141],"unique":[143],"signature":[144],"each":[146],"proves":[149],"useful":[150],"better":[152],"pattern":[153,223],"recognition.":[154],"In":[155],"experiment,":[157],"extracted":[161],"Software-Defined":[164],"Radio":[165],"(SDR)":[166],"environment,":[167],"exploiting":[169],"benefits":[171],"SDR":[173],"NI-USRP":[176],"model":[177],"and":[178,188,193,235],"LabVIEW":[179],"software.":[180],"Measurements":[181],"taken":[183,232],"known":[186],"building,":[187],"scenarios":[190],"with":[191],"one":[192],"two":[194],"access":[195],"points":[196],"(APs)":[197],"experiment.":[202],"Also,":[203],"three":[204],"granularities":[205],"distance":[207],"between":[208],"locations":[209,227],"analyzed.":[211],"A":[212],"Support":[213],"Vector":[214],"Machine":[215],"(SVM)":[216],"algorithm":[221],"recognition":[224],"different":[226],"samples":[231],"RSS":[234],"coefficients.":[238]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2016-10-14T00:00:00"}
