{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2059345124","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2083412","title":"The non-trusty clown attack on model-based speaker recognition systems","display_name":"The non-trusty clown attack on model-based speaker recognition systems","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-03-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2059345124","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2083412","mag":"2059345124"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1117/12.2083412","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2083412","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S183492911","display_name":"Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE","issn_l":"0277-786X","issn":["0277-786X","1996-756X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315543","host_organization_name":"SPIE","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315543"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SPIE"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SPIE Proceedings","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051591592","display_name":"Alireza Farrokh Baroughi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123946342","display_name":"Binghamton University","ror":"https://ror.org/008rmbt77","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123946342"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alireza Farrokh Baroughi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Binghamton Univ. (United States)","Binghamton University, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Binghamton Univ. (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123946342"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Binghamton University, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123946342"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066468477","display_name":"Scott Craver","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123946342","display_name":"Binghamton University","ror":"https://ror.org/008rmbt77","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123946342"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Scott Craver","raw_affiliation_strings":["Binghamton Univ. (United States)","Binghamton University, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Binghamton Univ. (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123946342"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Binghamton University, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123946342"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123946342"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.2058,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.44830465,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"9409","issue":null,"first_page":"940904","last_page":"940904"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10201","display_name":"Speech Recognition and Synthesis","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10201","display_name":"Speech Recognition and Synthesis","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10860","display_name":"Speech and Audio Processing","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11309","display_name":"Music and Audio Processing","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8352664709091187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/insider-threat","display_name":"Insider threat","score":0.6707177758216858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.6692982912063599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/component","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","score":0.6643735766410828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mixture-model","display_name":"Mixture model","score":0.6542003154754639},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speaker-recognition","display_name":"Speaker recognition","score":0.5291229486465454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speaker-identification","display_name":"Speaker identification","score":0.5131067037582397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector","display_name":"Detector","score":0.48967602849006653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.47183090448379517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biometrics","display_name":"Biometrics","score":0.44781187176704407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistical-model","display_name":"Statistical model","score":0.44728559255599976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/attack-model","display_name":"Attack model","score":0.44443267583847046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaussian","display_name":"Gaussian","score":0.44438982009887695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/subject","display_name":"Subject (documents)","score":0.44015079736709595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/insider","display_name":"Insider","score":0.3828960657119751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.3626812994480133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3129326105117798}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8352664709091187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776633304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6038026","display_name":"Insider threat","level":3,"score":0.6707177758216858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.6692982912063599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168167062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1117970","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.6643735766410828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61224824","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2260434","display_name":"Mixture model","level":2,"score":0.6542003154754639},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133892786","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1145189","display_name":"Speaker recognition","level":2,"score":0.5291229486465454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986627078","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1145189","display_name":"Speaker identification","level":3,"score":0.5131067037582397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.48967602849006653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.47183090448379517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184297639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177765","display_name":"Biometrics","level":2,"score":0.44781187176704407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114289077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3284399","display_name":"Statistical model","level":2,"score":0.44728559255599976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65856478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3991682","display_name":"Attack model","level":2,"score":0.44443267583847046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163716315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901177","display_name":"Gaussian","level":2,"score":0.44438982009887695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777855551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12310021","display_name":"Subject (documents)","level":2,"score":0.44015079736709595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778971194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1664551","display_name":"Insider","level":2,"score":0.3828960657119751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3626812994480133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3129326105117798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161191863","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199655","display_name":"Library science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1117/12.2083412","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2083412","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S183492911","display_name":"Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE","issn_l":"0277-786X","issn":["0277-786X","1996-756X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315543","host_organization_name":"SPIE","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315543"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SPIE"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SPIE Proceedings","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.6100000143051147}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338279","display_name":"Air Force Office of Scientific Research","ror":"https://ror.org/011e9bt93"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":10,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1486632395","https://openalex.org/W2041823554","https://openalex.org/W2080794664","https://openalex.org/W2105705305","https://openalex.org/W2143486266","https://openalex.org/W2143803185","https://openalex.org/W2165880886","https://openalex.org/W2167008044","https://openalex.org/W6628849183","https://openalex.org/W6681280625"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2128073728","https://openalex.org/W4234190324","https://openalex.org/W2126085626","https://openalex.org/W1197719229","https://openalex.org/W2381158726","https://openalex.org/W1992796048","https://openalex.org/W2129048388","https://openalex.org/W2064901931","https://openalex.org/W2545131480","https://openalex.org/W2129090883"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Biometric":[0],"detectors":[1],"for":[2,10,97],"speaker":[3,112],"identification":[4],"commonly":[5],"employ":[6],"a":[7,11,16,30,37,40,46,52,62,76,98,111,120,212],"statistical":[8,42],"model":[9,43,136,169],"subject\u2019s":[12,41],"voice,":[13,127,179],"such":[14,107],"as":[15,188,196],"Gaussian":[17],"Mixture":[18],"Model,":[19],"that":[20,45,85],"combines":[21],"multiple":[22],"means":[23],"to":[24,33,60,94,101,185,211],"improve":[25],"detector":[26,47],"performance.":[27],"This":[28,56],"allows":[29,57],"malicious":[31],"insider":[32],"amend":[34],"or":[35,66,155,165,190,195],"append":[36],"component":[38,133],"of":[39,64,81,134,142,146],"so":[44],"behaves":[48],"normally":[49,194],"except":[50],"under":[51],"carefully":[53],"engineered":[54],"circumstance.":[55],"an":[58,82,108,116,125,207],"attacker":[59,91,117,152,181],"force":[61,119],"misclassification":[63,121],"his":[65,154,164],"her":[67,156,166],"voice":[68,145,157,168],"only":[69],"when":[70,192,199],"desired,":[71],"by":[72,122,137,175],"smuggling":[73],"data":[74],"into":[75],"database":[77,95],"far":[78],"in":[79,114,124,172,201,220],"advance":[80],"attack.":[83],"Note":[84],"the":[86,130,138,143,147,160,180,183,197,202],"attack":[87,109,161],"is":[88,162],"possible":[89],"if":[90],"has":[92,182],"access":[93],"even":[96],"limited":[99],"time":[100],"modify":[102],"victim\u2019s":[103,135,213],"model.":[104,149],"We":[105],"exhibit":[106],"on":[110],"identification,":[113],"which":[115],"can":[118,170,216],"speaking":[123],"unusual":[126,144,158,178,203],"and":[128,174],"replacing":[129],"least":[131],"weighted":[132,140,209],"most":[139],"competent":[141],"attacker\u2019s":[148],"The":[150],"reason":[151],"make":[153],"during":[159],"because":[163],"normal":[167],"be":[171,186],"database,":[173],"attacking":[176],"with":[177],"option":[184],"recognized":[187],"himself":[189],"herself":[191],"talking":[193,200],"victim":[198],"manner.":[204],"By":[205],"attaching":[206],"appropriately":[208],"vector":[210],"model,":[214],"we":[215],"impersonate":[217],"all":[218],"users":[219],"our":[221],"simulations,":[222],"while":[223],"avoiding":[224],"unwanted":[225],"false":[226],"rejections.":[227]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}