{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1991041598","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2083394","title":"Vehicle speed estimation using a monocular camera","display_name":"Vehicle speed estimation using a monocular camera","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-03-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1991041598","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2083394","mag":"1991041598"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1117/12.2083394","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2083394","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S183492911","display_name":"Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE","issn_l":"0277-786X","issn":["0277-786X","1996-756X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315543","host_organization_name":"SPIE","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315543"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SPIE"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SPIE Proceedings","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102394066","display_name":"Wencheng Wu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210132870","display_name":"Xerox (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/03jwzwq24","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132870"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wencheng Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["PARC, A Xerox Co. (United States)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"PARC, A Xerox Co. (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210132870"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080608953","display_name":"Vladimir Kozitsky","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210132870","display_name":"Xerox (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/03jwzwq24","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132870"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vladimir Kozitsky","raw_affiliation_strings":["Xerox Corp. (United States)","Xerox Corporation (United States)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xerox Corp. (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210132870"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xerox Corporation (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210132870"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019861173","display_name":"Martin E. Hoover","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210132870","display_name":"Xerox (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/03jwzwq24","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132870"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Martin E. Hoover","raw_affiliation_strings":["Xerox Corp. (United States)","Xerox Corporation (United States)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xerox Corp. (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210132870"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xerox Corporation (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210132870"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108513627","display_name":"Robert P. Loce","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210132870","display_name":"Xerox (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/03jwzwq24","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132870"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert Loce","raw_affiliation_strings":["PARC, A Xerox Co. (United States)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"PARC, A Xerox Co. (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210132870"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033376451","display_name":"D. M. Todd Jackson","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210132870","display_name":"Xerox (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/03jwzwq24","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132870"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D. M. Todd Jackson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Xerox Corp. (United States)","Xerox Corporation (United States)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xerox Corp. (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210132870"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xerox Corporation (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210132870"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210132870"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.08137106,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"9407","issue":null,"first_page":"940704","last_page":"940704"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10531","display_name":"Advanced Vision and Imaging","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10531","display_name":"Advanced Vision and Imaging","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8093293905258179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.7929779291152954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7446666955947876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.5517416596412659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.5162394046783447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lidar","display_name":"Lidar","score":0.5147066712379456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/motion-estimation","display_name":"Motion estimation","score":0.5020442008972168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pose","display_name":"Pose","score":0.44790738821029663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/video-tracking","display_name":"Video tracking","score":0.44657886028289795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frame-rate","display_name":"Frame rate","score":0.42552411556243896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frame","display_name":"Frame (networking)","score":0.4193704128265381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object","display_name":"Object (grammar)","score":0.2900350093841553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.1990799903869629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.1713714897632599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.08178716897964478}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8093293905258179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.7929779291152954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7446666955947876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.5517416596412659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.5162394046783447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51399673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504027","display_name":"Lidar","level":2,"score":0.5147066712379456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10161872","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q557891","display_name":"Motion estimation","level":2,"score":0.5020442008972168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52102323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1671968","display_name":"Pose","level":2,"score":0.44790738821029663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202474056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1931635","display_name":"Video tracking","level":3,"score":0.44657886028289795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3261483","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q119565","display_name":"Frame rate","level":2,"score":0.42552411556243896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126042441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1324888","display_name":"Frame (networking)","level":2,"score":0.4193704128265381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.2900350093841553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.1990799903869629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.1713714897632599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.08178716897964478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1117/12.2083394","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2083394","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S183492911","display_name":"Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE","issn_l":"0277-786X","issn":["0277-786X","1996-756X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315543","host_organization_name":"SPIE","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315543"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SPIE"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SPIE Proceedings","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.6200000047683716}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2088169690","https://openalex.org/W2111704906","https://openalex.org/W2118498920","https://openalex.org/W2124535811","https://openalex.org/W2136951166","https://openalex.org/W2140876912","https://openalex.org/W2141914940","https://openalex.org/W2144995066","https://openalex.org/W2160797951","https://openalex.org/W2161969291","https://openalex.org/W2168356304","https://openalex.org/W4240609245","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6677511790","https://openalex.org/W6683411478"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2123263858","https://openalex.org/W3127959533","https://openalex.org/W2894986065","https://openalex.org/W4387967917","https://openalex.org/W2965594636","https://openalex.org/W1875422203","https://openalex.org/W4310880131","https://openalex.org/W2912550626","https://openalex.org/W3216382677","https://openalex.org/W2810129309"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"paper,":[2],"we":[3,219],"describe":[4],"a":[5,13,32,156,168,175,179,185,202],"speed":[6,69,74,105,114,147,216,229],"estimation":[7,106,148,208,230],"method":[8,164,209],"for":[9,210],"individual":[10,214],"vehicles":[11,135],"using":[12],"monocular":[14],"camera.":[15],"The":[16,145],"system":[17],"includes":[18],"the":[19,44,53,83,91,97,100,124,198,221],"following:":[20],"(1)":[21,166],"object":[22,27,38,45,49,54,86,98,118],"detection,":[23],"which":[24,51,71,89,109,191],"detects":[25],"an":[26],"of":[28,34,43,96,126,133,162,171,174,182,197,213,223,228,245,253],"interest":[29],"based":[30,57,115],"on":[31,58,116,129,226],"combination":[33],"motion":[35],"detection":[36],"and":[37,40,61,103,119,200,205,231,243,255],"classification":[39],"initializes":[41],"tracking":[42,167,246],"if":[46],"detected,":[47],"(2)":[48,184],"tracking,":[50],"tracks":[52],"over":[55,247],"time":[56],"template":[59],"matching":[60],"reports":[62],"its":[63],"frame-to-frame":[64],"displacement":[65],"in":[66],"pixels,":[67],"(3)":[68,201],"estimation,":[70,88],"estimates":[72,90],"vehicle":[73,113,176,215],"by":[75],"converting":[76],"pixel":[77],"displacements":[78],"to":[79,99,142,155,177,235],"distances":[80],"traveled":[81],"along":[82],"road,":[84],"(4)":[85],"height":[87,207],"distance":[92],"from":[93,140],"tracked":[94],"point(s)":[95],"road":[101],"plane,":[102],"(5)":[104],"with":[107],"height-correction,":[108],"adjusts":[110],"previously":[111],"estimated":[112,117],"camera":[120,188,206],"heights.":[121],"We":[122,239],"demonstrate":[123],"effectiveness":[125],"our":[127,163],"algorithm":[128],"30/60":[130],"fps":[131],"videos":[132],"300":[134],"travelling":[136],"at":[137],"speeds":[138],"ranging":[139],"30":[141],"60":[143],"mph.":[144],"95-percentile":[146],"error":[149],"was":[150],"within":[151],"\u00b13%":[152],"when":[153],"compared":[154],"lidar-based":[157],"reference":[158],"instrument.":[159],"Key":[160],"contributions":[161],"include":[165],"specific":[169],"set":[170],"feature":[172],"points":[173],"ensure":[178],"consistent":[180],"measure":[181],"speed,":[183],"high":[186],"accuracy":[187,212,227,242],"calibration/characterization":[189],"method,":[190],"does":[192],"not":[193],"interrupt":[194],"regular":[195],"traffic":[196],"site,":[199],"license":[203],"plate":[204],"improving":[211],"estimation.":[217],"Additionally,":[218],"examine":[220],"impact":[222],"spatial":[224],"resolution":[225],"utilize":[232],"that":[233],"knowledge":[234],"improve":[236,241],"computation":[237],"efficiency.":[238],"also":[240],"efficiency":[244],"standard":[248],"methods":[249],"via":[250],"dynamic":[251],"update":[252],"templates":[254],"predictive":[256],"local":[257],"search.":[258]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}