{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2034648871","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2082204","title":"Automated segmentation of thyroid gland on CT images with multi-atlas label fusion and random classification forest","display_name":"Automated segmentation of thyroid gland on CT images with multi-atlas label fusion and random classification forest","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-03-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2034648871","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2082204","mag":"2034648871"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1117/12.2082204","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2082204","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S183492911","display_name":"Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE","issn_l":"0277-786X","issn":["0277-786X","1996-756X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315543","host_organization_name":"SPIE","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315543"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SPIE"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SPIE Proceedings","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107883975","display_name":"Jiamin Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-9802-5562"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiamin Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Institutes of Health (United States)","National Institutes of Health, UNITED STATES"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institutes of Health (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institutes of Health, UNITED STATES","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078428388","display_name":"Kevin W. Chang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kevin Chang","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Institutes of Health (United States)","National Institutes of Health, UNITED STATES"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institutes of Health (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institutes of Health, UNITED STATES","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024696407","display_name":"Lauren Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9844-247X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lauren Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Institutes of Health (United States)","National Institutes of Health, UNITED STATES"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institutes of Health (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institutes of Health, UNITED STATES","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058741321","display_name":"Evrim T\u00fcrkbey","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5216-3528"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Evrim Turkbey","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Institutes of Health (United States)","National Institutes of Health, UNITED STATES"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institutes of Health (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institutes of Health, UNITED STATES","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045227579","display_name":"Le L\u00fc","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6799-9416"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Le Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Institutes of Health (United States)","National Institutes of Health, UNITED STATES"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institutes of Health (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institutes of Health, UNITED STATES","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100695406","display_name":"Jianhua Yao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9157-9596"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianhua Yao","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Institutes of Health (United States)","National Institutes of Health, UNITED STATES"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institutes of Health (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institutes of Health, UNITED STATES","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016047550","display_name":"Ronald M. Summers","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8081-7376"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ronald Summers","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Institutes of Health (United States)","National Institutes of Health, UNITED STATES"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institutes of Health (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institutes of Health, UNITED STATES","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"9414","issue":null,"first_page":"941413","last_page":"941413"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14510","display_name":"Medical Imaging and Analysis","score":0.9857000112533569,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14510","display_name":"Medical Imaging and Analysis","score":0.9857000112533569,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11363","display_name":"Dental Radiography and Imaging","score":0.9817000031471252,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3504","display_name":"Oral Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/35","display_name":"Dentistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12422","display_name":"Radiomics and Machine Learning in Medical Imaging","score":0.9776999950408936,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thyroid","display_name":"Thyroid","score":0.7698034644126892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"Random forest","score":0.7403742074966431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voxel","display_name":"Voxel","score":0.7290658354759216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6750252842903137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.6685587167739868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conditional-random-field","display_name":"Conditional random field","score":0.611465573310852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5819570422172546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.50887131690979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-segmentation","display_name":"Image segmentation","score":0.49744704365730286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.35845986008644104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.30163055658340454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internal-medicine","display_name":"Internal medicine","score":0.094156414270401}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C526584372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16399","display_name":"Thyroid","level":2,"score":0.7698034644126892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.7403742074966431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54170458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q663554","display_name":"Voxel","level":2,"score":0.7290658354759216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6750252842903137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.6685587167739868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152565575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1124538","display_name":"Conditional random field","level":2,"score":0.611465573310852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5819570422172546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.50887131690979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124504099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56933","display_name":"Image segmentation","level":3,"score":0.49744704365730286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.35845986008644104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.30163055658340454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.094156414270401}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1117/12.2082204","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2082204","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S183492911","display_name":"Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE","issn_l":"0277-786X","issn":["0277-786X","1996-756X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315543","host_organization_name":"SPIE","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315543"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SPIE"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SPIE Proceedings","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life in Land","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","score":0.6499999761581421}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":9,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1970928383","https://openalex.org/W2017495851","https://openalex.org/W2018662705","https://openalex.org/W2049247209","https://openalex.org/W2133537747","https://openalex.org/W2148157540","https://openalex.org/W2160153825","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W6679670634"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2356597680","https://openalex.org/W2093471820","https://openalex.org/W50079190","https://openalex.org/W2114846443","https://openalex.org/W3102147106","https://openalex.org/W2347460059","https://openalex.org/W2111726165","https://openalex.org/W3006655138"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,117,190,243],"thyroid":[1,31,44,52,78,86,91,106,199,234],"gland":[2,32,53,107],"plays":[3],"an":[4,176,250],"important":[5],"role":[6],"in":[7,217],"clinical":[8,49],"practice,":[9],"especially":[10],"for":[11,73],"radiation":[12,23,61],"therapy":[13,24],"treatment":[14],"planning.":[15],"For":[16],"patients":[17],"with":[18,128],"head":[19],"and":[20,67,94,257],"neck":[21],"cancer,":[22],"requires":[25],"a":[26,71,129,143,168],"precise":[27],"delineation":[28],"of":[29,76,84,178,240],"the":[30,37,47,51,77,85,90,105,161,198,202,209,214,247,258,263],"to":[33,42,142,187,197,207,237,265],"be":[34],"spared":[35],"on":[36,184],"pre-treatment":[38],"planning":[39],"CT":[40,218,238],"images":[41],"avoid":[43],"dysfunction.":[45],"In":[46,102],"current":[48],"workflow,":[50],"is":[54,64,79,87,92,109,119,194],"normally":[55],"manually":[56],"delineated":[57],"by":[58,96,112,121,151,156,164,204],"radiologists":[59],"or":[60],"oncologists,":[62],"which":[63],"time":[65],"consuming":[66],"error":[68],"prone.":[69],"Therefore,":[70],"system":[72,236],"automated":[74,82,233],"segmentation":[75,83,108,118,235],"desirable.":[80],"However,":[81],"challenging":[88],"because":[89],"inhomogeneous":[93],"surrounded":[95],"structures":[97],"that":[98,159,181,246],"have":[99],"similar":[100],"intensities.":[101],"this":[103,232],"work,":[104],"initially":[110],"estimated":[111,200],"multi-atlas":[113],"label":[114,134,152,157],"fusion":[115,135,158],"algorithm.":[116,132],"refined":[120],"supervised":[122],"statistical":[123],"learning":[124],"based":[125],"voxel":[126,205],"labeling":[127],"random":[130,172],"forest":[131,173,192],"Multiatlas":[133],"(MALF)":[136],"transfers":[137],"expert-labeled":[138,215],"thyroids":[139,186,216],"from":[140,201,213],"atlases":[141,166],"target":[144],"image":[145],"using":[146],"deformable":[147],"registration.":[148],"Errors":[149],"produced":[150,163],"transfer":[153],"are":[154,182,220],"reduced":[155],"combines":[160],"results":[162,244],"all":[165],"into":[167],"consensus":[169],"solution.":[170],"Then,":[171],"(RF)":[174],"employs":[175],"ensemble":[177],"decision":[179],"trees":[180],"trained":[183,191],"labeled":[185],"recognize":[188],"features.":[189],"classifier":[193],"then":[195],"applied":[196,231],"MALF":[203,248],"scanning":[206],"assign":[208],"class-conditional":[210],"probability.":[211],"Voxels":[212],"volumes":[219],"treated":[221],"as":[222,228],"positive":[223],"classes;":[224],"background":[225],"non-thyroid":[226],"voxels":[227],"negatives.":[229],"We":[230],"scans":[239],"20":[241],"patients.":[242],"showed":[245],"achieved":[249],"overall":[251],"0.75":[252],"Dice":[253],"Similarity":[254],"Coefficient":[255],"(DSC)":[256],"RF":[259],"classification":[260],"further":[261],"improved":[262],"DSC":[264],"0.81.":[266]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
