{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2103228253","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2081737","title":"Segmentation of skin strata in reflectance confocal microscopy depth stacks","display_name":"Segmentation of skin strata in reflectance confocal microscopy depth stacks","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-03-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2103228253","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2081737","mag":"2103228253"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1117/12.2081737","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2081737","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S183492911","display_name":"Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE","issn_l":"0277-786X","issn":["0277-786X","1996-756X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315543","host_organization_name":"SPIE","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315543"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SPIE"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SPIE Proceedings","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035535287","display_name":"Samuel C. Hames","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165143802","display_name":"The University of Queensland","ror":"https://ror.org/00rqy9422","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165143802"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Samuel C. Hames","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Univ. of Queensland  (Australia)","The Univ. of Queensland,   Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Univ. of Queensland  (Australia)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165143802"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Univ. of Queensland,   Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165143802"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046697415","display_name":"Marco Ardig\u00f2","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5772-4937"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210141574","display_name":"San Gallicano Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/03zhmy467","country_code":"IT","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210137471","https://openalex.org/I4210141574","https://openalex.org/I4210153126"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210153126","display_name":"Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico","ror":"https://ror.org/04tfzc498","country_code":"IT","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210153126"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marco Ardig\u00f2","raw_affiliation_strings":["San Gallicano Dermatological Institute-IRCCS (Italy)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"San Gallicano Dermatological Institute-IRCCS (Italy)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210141574","https://openalex.org/I4210153126"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033462323","display_name":"H. Peter Soyer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4770-561X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165143802","display_name":"The University of Queensland","ror":"https://ror.org/00rqy9422","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165143802"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"H. Peter Soyer","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Univ. of Queensland (Australia)","The Univ. of Queensland,   Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Univ. of Queensland (Australia)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165143802"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Univ. of Queensland,   Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165143802"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042053820","display_name":"Andrew P. Bradley","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0109-6844"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165143802","display_name":"The University of Queensland","ror":"https://ror.org/00rqy9422","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165143802"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrew P. Bradley","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Univ. of Queensland (Australia)","The Univ. of Queensland,   Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Univ. of Queensland (Australia)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165143802"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Univ. of Queensland,   Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165143802"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052414798","display_name":"Tarl W. Prow","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2892-6238"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165143802","display_name":"The University of Queensland","ror":"https://ror.org/00rqy9422","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165143802"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tarl W. Prow","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Univ. of Queensland  (Australia)","The Univ. of Queensland,   Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Univ. of Queensland  (Australia)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165143802"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Univ. of Queensland,   Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165143802"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"9413","issue":null,"first_page":"94131U","last_page":"94131U"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13114","display_name":"Image Processing Techniques and Applications","score":0.986299991607666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13114","display_name":"Image Processing Techniques and Applications","score":0.986299991607666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12111","display_name":"Industrial Vision Systems and Defect Detection","score":0.982200026512146,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10531","display_name":"Advanced Vision and Imaging","score":0.9819999933242798,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7379829287528992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6834664940834045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.5702037215232849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reflectivity","display_name":"Reflectivity","score":0.5557971596717834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.5414005517959595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/confocal","display_name":"Confocal","score":0.5327228307723999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.5078945755958557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5033413767814636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test-set","display_name":"Test set","score":0.49472448229789734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linear-discriminant-analysis","display_name":"Linear discriminant analysis","score":0.4820776581764221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-segmentation","display_name":"Image segmentation","score":0.4624256491661072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microscopy","display_name":"Microscopy","score":0.45710620284080505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.43818947672843933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-set","display_name":"Data set","score":0.43053823709487915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/confocal-microscopy","display_name":"Confocal microscopy","score":0.4253161549568176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.2152925729751587}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7379829287528992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6834664940834045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.5702037215232849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108597893","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q663650","display_name":"Reflectivity","level":2,"score":0.5557971596717834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.5414005517959595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136009344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336201","display_name":"Confocal","level":2,"score":0.5327228307723999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.5078945755958557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5033413767814636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169903167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Test set","level":2,"score":0.49472448229789734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69738355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1228929","display_name":"Linear discriminant analysis","level":2,"score":0.4820776581764221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124504099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56933","display_name":"Image segmentation","level":3,"score":0.4624256491661072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147080431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074953","display_name":"Microscopy","level":2,"score":0.45710620284080505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.43818947672843933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58489278","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172284","display_name":"Data set","level":2,"score":0.43053823709487915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779178360","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q902045","display_name":"Confocal microscopy","level":2,"score":0.4253161549568176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.2152925729751587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1117/12.2081737","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2081737","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S183492911","display_name":"Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE","issn_l":"0277-786X","issn":["0277-786X","1996-756X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315543","host_organization_name":"SPIE","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315543"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SPIE"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SPIE Proceedings","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.qut.edu.au:114166","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402607","display_name":"QUT ePrints (Queensland University of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I160993911","host_organization_name":"Queensland University of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I160993911"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Medical Imaging 2015: Image Processing (Proceedings of SPIE, Volume 9413)","raw_type":"Chapter in Book, Report or Conference volume"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.7099999785423279}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W70960470","https://openalex.org/W180242331","https://openalex.org/W1790954942","https://openalex.org/W1967144543","https://openalex.org/W2074420503","https://openalex.org/W2085899139","https://openalex.org/W2088960045","https://openalex.org/W2100249844","https://openalex.org/W2128017662","https://openalex.org/W4237694114","https://openalex.org/W4247907330","https://openalex.org/W4252117421","https://openalex.org/W6607396543","https://openalex.org/W6672383655","https://openalex.org/W6679055200"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2726111829","https://openalex.org/W4250585504","https://openalex.org/W2008049857","https://openalex.org/W1978803831","https://openalex.org/W2105513520","https://openalex.org/W2580002495","https://openalex.org/W2056668469","https://openalex.org/W82035557","https://openalex.org/W4285171187","https://openalex.org/W1972388159"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Reflectance":[0],"confocal":[1,35],"microscopy":[2,36],"is":[3,25,73,86,110],"an":[4],"emerging":[5],"tool":[6],"for":[7,21,31],"imaging":[8],"human":[9,15,22,167],"skin,":[10,168],"but":[11],"currently":[12],"requires":[13],"expert":[14],"assessment.":[16],"To":[17],"overcome":[18],"the":[19,66,100,105,142,163,176],"need":[20],"experts":[23],"it":[24],"necessary":[26],"to":[27,44,54],"develop":[28],"automated":[29],"tools":[30],"automatically":[32],"assessing":[33],"reflectance":[34],"imagery.":[37],"This":[38],"work":[39],"presents":[40],"a":[41,48,91,113,138,150],"novel":[42],"approach":[43,53],"this":[45],"task,":[46],"using":[47,80,132],"bag":[49],"of":[50,65,70,94,141,162,166,173],"visual":[51],"words":[52],"represent":[55],"and":[56,77,96,144,169],"classify":[57],"en-face":[58],"optical":[59],"sections":[60,174],"from":[61,75,126],"four":[62],"distinct":[63,164],"strata":[64,165],"skin.":[67],"A":[68],"dictionary":[69],"representative":[71],"features":[72],"learned":[74],"whitened":[76],"normalised":[78],"patches":[79,95],"hierarchical":[81],"spherical":[82],"k-means.":[83],"Each":[84],"image":[85],"then":[87],"represented":[88],"by":[89],"extracting":[90],"dense":[92],"array":[93],"encoding":[97],"each":[98],"with":[99],"most":[101],"similar":[102],"element":[103],"in":[104,175],"dictionary.":[106],"Linear":[107],"discriminant":[108],"analysis":[109],"used":[111],"as":[112],"simple":[114],"linear":[115],"classifier.":[116],"The":[117,155],"proposed":[118,156],"framework":[119],"was":[120,147],"tested":[121],"on":[122,137,149],"308":[123],"depth":[124],"stacks":[125],"54":[127],"volunteers.":[128],"Parameters":[129],"are":[130],"tuned":[131],"10":[133],"fold":[134],"cross":[135],"validation":[136],"training":[139],"sub-set":[140],"data,":[143],"final":[145],"evaluation":[146],"performed":[148],"held":[151],"out":[152],"test":[153,177],"set.":[154,178],"method":[157],"generated":[158],"physically":[159],"plausible":[160],"profiles":[161],"correctly":[170],"classified":[171],"81.4%":[172]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}