{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1991348945","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2081366","title":"Automated detection of prostate cancer in digitized whole-slide images of H and E-stained biopsy specimens","display_name":"Automated detection of prostate cancer in digitized whole-slide images of H and E-stained biopsy specimens","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-03-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1991348945","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2081366","mag":"1991348945"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1117/12.2081366","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2081366","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S183492911","display_name":"Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE","issn_l":"0277-786X","issn":["0277-786X","1996-756X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315543","host_organization_name":"SPIE","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315543"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SPIE"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SPIE Proceedings","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055697525","display_name":"Geert Litjens","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1554-1291"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145872427","display_name":"Radboud University Nijmegen","ror":"https://ror.org/016xsfp80","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145872427"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"G. Litjens","raw_affiliation_strings":["Radboud Univ. Nijmegen Medical Ctr. (Netherlands)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Radboud Univ. Nijmegen Medical Ctr. (Netherlands)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145872427"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055531734","display_name":"Babak Ehteshami Bejnordi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6258-5687"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145872427","display_name":"Radboud University Nijmegen","ror":"https://ror.org/016xsfp80","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145872427"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"B. Ehteshami Bejnordi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Radboud Univ. Nijmegen Medical Ctr. (Netherlands)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Radboud Univ. Nijmegen Medical Ctr. (Netherlands)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145872427"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066509500","display_name":"N. K. Timofeeva","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145872427","display_name":"Radboud University Nijmegen","ror":"https://ror.org/016xsfp80","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145872427"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"N. Timofeeva","raw_affiliation_strings":["Radboud Univ. Nijmegen Medical Ctr. (Netherlands)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Radboud Univ. Nijmegen Medical Ctr. (Netherlands)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145872427"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041913606","display_name":"G. Swadi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145872427","display_name":"Radboud University Nijmegen","ror":"https://ror.org/016xsfp80","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145872427"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"G. Swadi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Radboud Univ. Nijmegen Medical Ctr. (Netherlands)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Radboud Univ. Nijmegen Medical Ctr. (Netherlands)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145872427"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074386604","display_name":"Iringo Kovacs","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145872427","display_name":"Radboud University Nijmegen","ror":"https://ror.org/016xsfp80","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145872427"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"I. Kovacs","raw_affiliation_strings":["Radboud Univ. Nijmegen Medical Ctr. (Netherlands)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Radboud Univ. Nijmegen Medical Ctr. (Netherlands)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145872427"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045151180","display_name":"Christina Hulsbergen\u2010van de Kaa","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145872427","display_name":"Radboud University Nijmegen","ror":"https://ror.org/016xsfp80","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145872427"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"C. Hulsbergen-van de Kaa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Radboud Univ. Nijmegen Medical Ctr. (Netherlands)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Radboud Univ. Nijmegen Medical Ctr. (Netherlands)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145872427"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081003438","display_name":"Jeroen van der Laak","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7982-0754"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145872427","display_name":"Radboud University Nijmegen","ror":"https://ror.org/016xsfp80","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145872427"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. van der Laak","raw_affiliation_strings":["Radboud Univ. Nijmegen Medical Ctr. (Netherlands)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Radboud Univ. Nijmegen Medical Ctr. (Netherlands)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145872427"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.7807,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88512311,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"9420","issue":null,"first_page":"94200B","last_page":"94200B"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9957000017166138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10052","display_name":"Medical Image Segmentation Techniques","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7367364168167114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.666549563407898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/receiver-operating-characteristic","display_name":"Receiver operating characteristic","score":0.5758416652679443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"Random forest","score":0.5735153555870056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/histogram","display_name":"Histogram","score":0.525624692440033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grading","display_name":"Grading (engineering)","score":0.5120304226875305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prostate-cancer","display_name":"Prostate cancer","score":0.500321626663208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4797893166542053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cancer-detection","display_name":"Cancer detection","score":0.4224618077278137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.406051903963089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cancer","display_name":"Cancer","score":0.3410820960998535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.15165933966636658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.11043491959571838}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7367364168167114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.666549563407898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58471807","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327120","display_name":"Receiver operating characteristic","level":2,"score":0.5758416652679443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.5735153555870056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53533937","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185020","display_name":"Histogram","level":3,"score":0.525624692440033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777286243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5591926","display_name":"Grading (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.5120304226875305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780192828","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181257","display_name":"Prostate cancer","level":3,"score":0.500321626663208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4797893166542053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2985322473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044843","display_name":"Cancer detection","level":3,"score":0.4224618077278137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.406051903963089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121608353","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12078","display_name":"Cancer","level":2,"score":0.3410820960998535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.15165933966636658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.11043491959571838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147176958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590","display_name":"Civil engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1117/12.2081366","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2081366","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S183492911","display_name":"Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE","issn_l":"0277-786X","issn":["0277-786X","1996-756X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315543","host_organization_name":"SPIE","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315543"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SPIE"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SPIE Proceedings","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","score":0.49000000953674316,"display_name":"Life in Land"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1597336200","https://openalex.org/W1970120446","https://openalex.org/W1993760967","https://openalex.org/W2030041075","https://openalex.org/W2083043726","https://openalex.org/W2089580584","https://openalex.org/W2118246710","https://openalex.org/W2141967861","https://openalex.org/W2163352848","https://openalex.org/W2171621204","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W4234793439","https://openalex.org/W4301032343","https://openalex.org/W6635816984","https://openalex.org/W6685423422"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4385649027","https://openalex.org/W3193043704","https://openalex.org/W4386259002","https://openalex.org/W1546989560","https://openalex.org/W3171520305","https://openalex.org/W1924178503","https://openalex.org/W2064165679","https://openalex.org/W1588461101","https://openalex.org/W4308716060","https://openalex.org/W2970784617"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Automated":[0],"detection":[1,46,91],"of":[2,64,128,165,174,193,235],"prostate":[3],"cancer":[4,45,90,218,225],"in":[5,58,117,161],"digitized":[6,167],"H":[7,169],"and":[8,56,113,137,146,170,222,237],"E":[9,171],"whole-slide":[10,40,168],"images":[11,173],"is":[12,100],"an":[13,229],"important":[14],"first":[15],"step":[16],"for":[17,53,154,187],"computer-driven":[18],"grading.":[19],"Most":[20],"automated":[21,43],"grading":[22,55],"algorithms":[23],"work":[24,85],"on":[25,37],"preselected":[26],"image":[27],"patches":[28],"as":[29,101],"they":[30],"are":[31,135,149],"too":[32],"computationally":[33,143],"expensive":[34,144],"to":[35,124,151,203],"calculate":[36],"the":[38,50,95,107,126,185,232],"multi-gigapixel":[39],"images.":[41],"An":[42],"multi-resolution":[44,89],"system":[47,108,195],"could":[48],"reduce":[49],"computational":[51],"workload":[52],"subsequent":[54],"quantification":[57],"two":[59],"ways:":[60],"by":[61,73],"excluding":[62,74],"areas":[63,188],"definitely":[65],"normal":[66],"tissue":[67],"within":[68],"a":[69,88,104,120,139,162,215,238,242],"single":[70],"specimen":[71,216],"or":[72],"entire":[75],"specimens":[76,177,186,223],"which":[77],"do":[78],"not":[79],"contain":[80],"any":[81],"cancer.":[82,129,190],"In":[83],"this":[84],"we":[86],"present":[87],"algorithm":[92,98],"geared":[93],"towards":[94],"latter.":[96],"The":[97,130,191],"methodology":[99],"follows:":[102],"at":[103,138,241],"coarse":[105],"resolution":[106,141],"uses":[109],"superpixels,":[110],"color":[111],"histograms":[112],"local":[114],"binary":[115],"patterns":[116],"combination":[118],"with":[119],"random":[121],"forest":[122],"classifier":[123],"assess":[125],"likelihood":[127],"five":[131],"most":[132],"suspicious":[133],"superpixels":[134],"identified":[136],"higher":[140],"more":[142],"graph":[145],"gland":[147],"features":[148],"added":[150],"refine":[152],"classification":[153],"these":[155],"superpixels.":[156],"Our":[157],"methods":[158],"were":[159],"evaluated":[160,197],"data":[163],"set":[164],"204":[166],"stained":[172],"MR-guided":[175],"biopsy":[176],"from":[178],"163":[179],"patients.":[180],"A":[181],"pathologist":[182],"exhaustively":[183],"annotated":[184],"containing":[189,217],"performance":[192],"our":[194],"was":[196,211,219],"using":[198],"ten-fold":[199],"cross-validation,":[200],"stratified":[201],"according":[202],"patient.":[204],"Image-based":[205],"receiver":[206],"operating":[207],"characteristic":[208],"(ROC)":[209],"analysis":[210],"subsequently":[212],"performed":[213],"where":[214],"considered":[220],"positive":[221],"without":[224],"negative.":[226],"We":[227],"obtained":[228],"area":[230],"under":[231],"ROC":[233],"curve":[234],"0.96":[236],"0.4":[239],"specificity":[240],"1.0":[243],"sensitivity.":[244]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
