{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2094318173","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2078348","title":"PanDAR: a wide-area, frame-rate, and full color lidar with foveated region using backfilling interpolation upsampling","display_name":"PanDAR: a wide-area, frame-rate, and full color lidar with foveated region using backfilling interpolation upsampling","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-02-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2094318173","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2078348","mag":"2094318173"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1117/12.2078348","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2078348","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S183492911","display_name":"Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE","issn_l":"0277-786X","issn":["0277-786X","1996-756X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315543","host_organization_name":"SPIE","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315543"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SPIE"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SPIE Proceedings","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029232107","display_name":"T. Nathan Mundhenk","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3508-0341"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200576644","display_name":"HRL Laboratories (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05p7te762","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200576644"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"T. Nathan Mundhenk","raw_affiliation_strings":["DAQRI (United States)","HRL Labs., LLC (United States)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DAQRI (United States)","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"HRL Labs., LLC (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200576644"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090885786","display_name":"Kyungnam Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3131-8586"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200576644","display_name":"HRL Laboratories (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05p7te762","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200576644"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kyungnam Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["HRL Labs. LLC (United States)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"HRL Labs. LLC (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200576644"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007294634","display_name":"Y. Owechko","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200576644","display_name":"HRL Laboratories (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05p7te762","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200576644"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuri Owechko","raw_affiliation_strings":["HRL Labs. LLC (United States)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"HRL Labs. LLC (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200576644"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200576644"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.07899195,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"9406","issue":null,"first_page":"94060K","last_page":"94060K"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10191","display_name":"Robotics and Sensor-Based Localization","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10191","display_name":"Robotics and Sensor-Based Localization","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11211","display_name":"3D Surveying and Cultural Heritage","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1907","display_name":"Geology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lidar","display_name":"Lidar","score":0.8620730638504028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.720920979976654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point-cloud","display_name":"Point cloud","score":0.6813555955886841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/upsampling","display_name":"Upsampling","score":0.6648243069648743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.6595209836959839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6014401912689209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frame-rate","display_name":"Frame rate","score":0.5893554091453552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpolation","display_name":"Interpolation (computer graphics)","score":0.560589075088501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.5191289782524109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point","display_name":"Point (geometry)","score":0.4372400641441345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-graphics","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","score":0.32472750544548035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.2849773168563843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.10780656337738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.07756346464157104}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51399673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504027","display_name":"Lidar","level":2,"score":0.8620730638504028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.720920979976654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131979681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1899648","display_name":"Point cloud","level":2,"score":0.6813555955886841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110384440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1143270","display_name":"Upsampling","level":3,"score":0.6648243069648743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.6595209836959839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6014401912689209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3261483","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q119565","display_name":"Frame rate","level":2,"score":0.5893554091453552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137800194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11713455","display_name":"Interpolation (computer graphics)","level":3,"score":0.560589075088501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.5191289782524109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.4372400641441345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121684516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7600677","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","level":1,"score":0.32472750544548035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.2849773168563843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.10780656337738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.07756346464157104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104114177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79782","display_name":"Motion (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1117/12.2078348","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2078348","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S183492911","display_name":"Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE","issn_l":"0277-786X","issn":["0277-786X","1996-756X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315543","host_organization_name":"SPIE","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315543"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SPIE"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SPIE Proceedings","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6800000071525574,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":9,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1546676650","https://openalex.org/W1981181227","https://openalex.org/W1996299496","https://openalex.org/W2036117503","https://openalex.org/W2036273537","https://openalex.org/W2109945199","https://openalex.org/W2133476816","https://openalex.org/W6632543736","https://openalex.org/W6645232586"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2062399876","https://openalex.org/W4319317934","https://openalex.org/W2901265155","https://openalex.org/W4319837668","https://openalex.org/W4308071650","https://openalex.org/W3188333020","https://openalex.org/W4293094720","https://openalex.org/W2739701376","https://openalex.org/W3176213335","https://openalex.org/W4361296799"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"LIDAR":[0,17,48,61,146,187,261],"devices":[1],"for":[2,18,45,287,321],"on-vehicle":[3],"use":[4],"need":[5],"a":[6,16,24,29,60,80,115,141,163,200,284,322],"wide":[7,30],"field":[8,31],"of":[9,20,32,38,76,125,175,182,203,259],"view":[10,33],"and":[11,34,66,103,114,190,217],"good":[12],"fidelity.":[13],"For":[14],"instance,":[15],"avoidance":[19],"landing":[21],"collisions":[22],"by":[23,92,136,221,250],"helicopter":[25],"needs":[26],"to":[27,101,132,160,171,211,230,272,304,319],"see":[28],"show":[35],"reasonable":[36],"details":[37],"the":[39,149,176,179,185,191,214,231,257,260,268,280,289,295,305,315],"area.":[40],"The":[41,85,106,145,264],"same":[42],"is":[43,90,169,209],"true":[44],"an":[46,53,71,121],"online":[47],"scanning":[49,74],"device":[50],"placed":[51,99],"on":[52],"automobile.":[54],"In":[55,158,178],"this":[56,241],"paper,":[57],"we":[58,238],"describe":[59],"system":[62,309],"with":[63,79,88,120,228],"full":[64,116],"color":[65,173,265],"enhanced":[67],"resolution":[68,220],"that":[69,278],"has":[70],"effective":[72,123],"vertical":[73,113],"range":[75,87,124],"60":[77],"degrees":[78,112,118],"central":[81],"20":[82,137],"degree":[83],"fovea.":[84,144],"extended":[86],"fovea":[89],"achieved":[91],"using":[93,235],"two":[94,150,186],"standard":[95],"Velodyne":[96,151],"32-HDL":[97],"LIDARs":[98],"head":[100,102,131],"counter":[104],"rotating.":[105],"HDL":[107],"LIDARS":[108],"each":[109],"scan":[110],"40":[111],"360":[117],"horizontal":[119],"outdoor":[122],"100":[126],"meters.":[127],"By":[128,234],"positioning":[129],"them":[130],"head,":[133],"they":[134],"overlap":[135],"degrees.":[138],"This":[139,293],"creates":[140],"double":[142],"density":[143],"returns":[147],"from":[148,256,267],"sensors":[152],"do":[153],"not":[154],"natively":[155],"contain":[156],"color.":[157],"order":[159],"add":[161],"color,":[162],"Point":[164],"Grey":[165],"LadyBug":[166,192],"panoramic":[167],"camera":[168],"used":[170,210,271],"gather":[172],"data":[174],"scene.":[177,233,307],"first":[180,251],"stage":[181,208],"our":[183],"system,":[184],"point":[188,215,274,297],"clouds":[189],"video":[193],"are":[194,270,279],"fused":[195],"in":[196,283,314],"real":[197],"time":[198],"at":[199,242],"frame":[201],"rate":[202],"10":[204,243],"Hz.":[205,244],"A":[206],"second":[207],"intelligently":[212],"interpolate":[213],"cloud":[216,275,298],"increase":[218],"its":[219],"approximately":[222],"four":[223],"times":[224],"while":[225,301],"maintaining":[226,302],"accuracy":[227],"respect":[229],"3D":[232,306],"GPGPU":[236],"programming,":[237],"can":[239],"compute":[240],"Our":[245,308],"<i>backfilling</i>":[246],"interpolation":[247],"methods":[248],"works":[249],"computing":[252],"local":[253,285,290],"linear":[254,291],"approximations":[255],"perspective":[258],"depth":[262],"map.":[263],"features":[266],"image":[269],"select":[273],"support":[276],"points":[277,282],"best":[281],"group":[286],"building":[288],"approximations.":[292],"makes":[294,311],"colored":[296],"more":[299],"detailed":[300],"fidelity":[303],"also":[310],"objects":[312],"appearing":[313],"PanDAR":[316],"display":[317],"easier":[318],"recognize":[320],"human":[323],"operator.":[324]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}