{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1968459875","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2076694","title":"Principal component analysis for surface reflection components and structure in the facial image and synthesis of the facial image in various ages","display_name":"Principal component analysis for surface reflection components and structure in the facial image and synthesis of the facial image in various ages","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-03-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1968459875","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2076694","mag":"1968459875"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1117/12.2076694","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2076694","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S183492911","display_name":"Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE","issn_l":"0277-786X","issn":["0277-786X","1996-756X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315543","host_organization_name":"SPIE","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315543"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SPIE"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SPIE Proceedings","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102969834","display_name":"M. Hirose","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3171-0905"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I159385669","display_name":"Chiba University","ror":"https://ror.org/01hjzeq58","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I159385669"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Misa Hirose","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chiba Univ. (Japan)","Chiba University (Japan)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chiba Univ. (Japan)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159385669"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chiba University (Japan)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159385669"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020207096","display_name":"Saori Toyota","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I159385669","display_name":"Chiba University","ror":"https://ror.org/01hjzeq58","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I159385669"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saori Toyota","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chiba Univ. (Japan)","Chiba University (Japan)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chiba Univ. (Japan)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159385669"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chiba University (Japan)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159385669"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112312216","display_name":"Nobutoshi Ojima","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I207623266","display_name":"Kao Corporation (Japan)","ror":"https://ror.org/016t1kc57","country_code":"JP","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I207623266"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nobutoshi Ojima","raw_affiliation_strings":["KAO Corp. (Japan)","Kao Corp. (Japan)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"KAO Corp. (Japan)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I207623266"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kao Corp. (Japan)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I207623266"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063731778","display_name":"Keiko Ogawa\u2010Ochiai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3277-0646"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I10091056","display_name":"Kanazawa University","ror":"https://ror.org/02hwp6a56","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I10091056"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210104330","display_name":"Kanazawa University Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/00xsdn005","country_code":"JP","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210104330"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Keiko Ogawa-Ochiai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kanazawa Univ. Hospital (Japan)","Kanazawa Univ Hospital (Japan)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kanazawa Univ. Hospital (Japan)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104330"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kanazawa Univ Hospital (Japan)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10091056"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109934226","display_name":"Norimichi Tsumura","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I159385669","display_name":"Chiba University","ror":"https://ror.org/01hjzeq58","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I159385669"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Norimichi Tsumura","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chiba Univ. (Japan)","Chiba University (Japan)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chiba Univ. (Japan)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159385669"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chiba University (Japan)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159385669"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5102969834"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159385669"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.05894275,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"9398","issue":null,"first_page":"939809","last_page":"939809"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13169","display_name":"Consumer Perception and Purchasing Behavior","score":0.9894999861717224,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1406","display_name":"Marketing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10719","display_name":"3D Shape Modeling and Analysis","score":0.9682000279426575,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/principal-component-analysis","display_name":"Principal component analysis","score":0.7909260988235474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6596711277961731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.6321202516555786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.6223013401031494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.5424644947052002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5396686792373657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.49982738494873047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face-hallucination","display_name":"Face hallucination","score":0.45659077167510986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/active-appearance-model","display_name":"Active appearance model","score":0.42290258407592773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reflection","display_name":"Reflection (computer programming)","score":0.41866815090179443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reflectivity","display_name":"Reflectivity","score":0.4185086786746979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.35027313232421875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.33637917041778564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.33628934621810913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face-detection","display_name":"Face detection","score":0.164046049118042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.10404250025749207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.09555941820144653}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27438332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2873","display_name":"Principal component analysis","level":2,"score":0.7909260988235474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6596711277961731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.6321202516555786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.6223013401031494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.5424644947052002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5396686792373657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.49982738494873047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54654163","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5428359","display_name":"Face hallucination","level":5,"score":0.45659077167510986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83248878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q344000","display_name":"Active appearance model","level":3,"score":0.42290258407592773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65682993","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1056451","display_name":"Reflection (computer programming)","level":2,"score":0.41866815090179443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108597893","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q663650","display_name":"Reflectivity","level":2,"score":0.4185086786746979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.35027313232421875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.33637917041778564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.33628934621810913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4641261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11681085","display_name":"Face detection","level":4,"score":0.164046049118042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.10404250025749207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.09555941820144653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1117/12.2076694","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2076694","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S183492911","display_name":"Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE","issn_l":"0277-786X","issn":["0277-786X","1996-756X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315543","host_organization_name":"SPIE","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315543"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SPIE"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SPIE Proceedings","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5","score":0.6600000262260437,"display_name":"Gender equality"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","ror":"https://ror.org/00hhkn466"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":8,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2025283638","https://openalex.org/W2030720559","https://openalex.org/W2031365440","https://openalex.org/W2039140324","https://openalex.org/W2083648318","https://openalex.org/W2121293528","https://openalex.org/W2335292312","https://openalex.org/W6678111577"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4377941809","https://openalex.org/W2388958958","https://openalex.org/W325114128","https://openalex.org/W2024640171","https://openalex.org/W4220850864","https://openalex.org/W63491089","https://openalex.org/W4283639758","https://openalex.org/W4246863173","https://openalex.org/W2129261353","https://openalex.org/W2811312030"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,53],"this":[1,79],"paper,":[2],"principal":[3],"component":[4],"analysis":[5,41],"is":[6,36],"applied":[7],"to":[8,22,42,51],"pigmentation":[9,60,119],"distributions,":[10],"surface":[11,102],"reflectance":[12,103],"components":[13],"and":[14,34,62,89,101,112],"facial":[15,20,44,87,99,110],"landmarks":[16,97],"in":[17,46,121],"the":[18,27,30,63,69,73,86,107,122,131],"whole":[19,123],"images":[21,45,65],"obtain":[23],"feature":[24,32],"values.":[25],"Furthermore,":[26],"relationship":[28],"between":[29],"obtained":[31],"vectors":[33],"age":[35,71,138],"estimated":[37],"by":[38,72,136],"multiple":[39],"regression":[40],"modulate":[43,85,130],"woman":[47],"of":[48,109,133],"ages":[49],"10":[50],"70.":[52],"our":[54,128],"previous":[55],"work,":[56],"we":[57,82,105],"analyzed":[58,106],"only":[59],"distributions":[61,115,120],"reproduced":[64,70],"looked":[66],"younger":[67],"than":[68],"subjective":[74],"evaluation.":[75],"We":[76],"considered":[77],"that":[78],"happened":[80],"because":[81],"did":[83],"not":[84],"structures":[88,100,111],"detailed":[90],"surfaces":[91],"such":[92],"as":[93,116,118],"wrinkles.":[94],"By":[95],"analyzing":[96],"represented":[98],"components,":[104],"variation":[108],"fine":[113],"asperity":[114],"well":[117],"face.":[124],"As":[125],"a":[126,134],"result,":[127],"method":[129],"appearance":[132],"face":[135],"changing":[137],"more":[139],"appropriately.":[140]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}