{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2071548747","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2076144","title":"Offline handwritten word recognition using MQDF-HMMs","display_name":"Offline handwritten word recognition using MQDF-HMMs","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-02-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2071548747","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2076144","mag":"2071548747"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1117/12.2076144","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2076144","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S183492911","display_name":"Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE","issn_l":"0277-786X","issn":["0277-786X","1996-756X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315543","host_organization_name":"SPIE","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315543"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SPIE"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SPIE Proceedings","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111810800","display_name":"Ramachandrula Sitaram","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1324840837","display_name":"Hewlett-Packard (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/059rn9488","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1324840837"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210117576","display_name":"Hewlett-Packard (India)","ror":"https://ror.org/02ffkja82","country_code":"IN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1324840837","https://openalex.org/I4210117576"]}],"countries":["IN","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sitaram Ramachandrula","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hewlett-Packard Labs. India (India)","Hewlett Packard Labs India, India#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hewlett-Packard Labs. India (India)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210117576"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hewlett Packard Labs India, India#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1324840837"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025368554","display_name":"Mangesh Hambarde","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1324840837","display_name":"Hewlett-Packard (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/059rn9488","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1324840837"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210117576","display_name":"Hewlett-Packard (India)","ror":"https://ror.org/02ffkja82","country_code":"IN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1324840837","https://openalex.org/I4210117576"]}],"countries":["IN","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mangesh Hambarde","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hewlett-Packard Labs. India (India)","Hewlett Packard Labs India, India#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hewlett-Packard Labs. India (India)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210117576"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hewlett Packard Labs India, India#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1324840837"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042531123","display_name":"Ajay Patial","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7382-4279"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1324840837","display_name":"Hewlett-Packard (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/059rn9488","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1324840837"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210117576","display_name":"Hewlett-Packard (India)","ror":"https://ror.org/02ffkja82","country_code":"IN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1324840837","https://openalex.org/I4210117576"]}],"countries":["IN","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ajay Patial","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hewlett-Packard Labs. India (India)","Hewlett Packard Labs India, India#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hewlett-Packard Labs. India (India)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210117576"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hewlett Packard Labs India, India#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1324840837"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032366494","display_name":"Dushyant Sahoo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7155-4145"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I68891433","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Delhi","ror":"https://ror.org/049tgcd06","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I68891433"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dushyant Sahoo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Indian Institute of Technology Delhi (India)","Indian Institute of Technology , Delhi , India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Indian Institute of Technology Delhi (India)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I68891433"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Indian Institute of Technology , Delhi , India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I68891433"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024789861","display_name":"Shaivi Kochar","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59475050","display_name":"Jamia Millia Islamia","ror":"https://ror.org/00pnhhv55","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59475050"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shaivi Kochar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jamia Millia Islamia (India)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jamia Millia Islamia (India)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59475050"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.07514603,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"9402","issue":null,"first_page":"94020J","last_page":"94020J"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11398","display_name":"Hand Gesture Recognition Systems","score":0.9944999814033508,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9926999807357788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hidden-markov-model","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","score":0.740111231803894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6428606510162354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6370506286621094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5559744238853455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.5478550791740417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaussian","display_name":"Gaussian","score":0.4797569513320923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mixture-model","display_name":"Mixture model","score":0.4134373664855957}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23224414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176769","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","level":2,"score":0.740111231803894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6428606510162354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6370506286621094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5559744238853455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.5478550791740417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163716315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901177","display_name":"Gaussian","level":2,"score":0.4797569513320923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61224824","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2260434","display_name":"Mixture model","level":2,"score":0.4134373664855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1117/12.2076144","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2076144","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S183492911","display_name":"Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE","issn_l":"0277-786X","issn":["0277-786X","1996-756X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315543","host_organization_name":"SPIE","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315543"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SPIE"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SPIE Proceedings","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.699999988079071,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1930794383","https://openalex.org/W1967942900","https://openalex.org/W2007321142","https://openalex.org/W2040118574","https://openalex.org/W2040193698","https://openalex.org/W2086699924","https://openalex.org/W2112274905","https://openalex.org/W2120701504","https://openalex.org/W2121178390","https://openalex.org/W2158791054","https://openalex.org/W2394818004","https://openalex.org/W4250145751","https://openalex.org/W4252114467","https://openalex.org/W4253573210","https://openalex.org/W6640394642","https://openalex.org/W6678615056"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4324119469","https://openalex.org/W2164868312","https://openalex.org/W2136763963","https://openalex.org/W2109705048","https://openalex.org/W2940588515","https://openalex.org/W1909151225","https://openalex.org/W1987783679","https://openalex.org/W2160030256","https://openalex.org/W1521297879","https://openalex.org/W4253235840"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,159],"propose":[1],"an":[2,29,97],"improved":[3],"HMM":[4,26,143,152],"formulation":[5],"for":[6,113],"offline":[7,165],"handwriting":[8],"recognition":[9,135,172],"(HWR).":[10],"The":[11,52,81,100,138],"main":[12],"contribution":[13],"of":[14,41,44,47,57,68,79,90,103,110,140,151],"this":[15,124],"work":[16],"is":[17,35,83,118,155],"using":[18,72,175],"modified":[19],"quadratic":[20,53],"discriminant":[21,54],"function":[22,55],"(MQDF)":[23],"[1]":[24],"within":[25],"framework.":[27],"In":[28],"MQDF-HMM":[30],"the":[31,66,73,115,133,145],"state":[32],"observation":[33],"likelihood":[34],"calculated":[36],"by":[37,64,71,87,96,123],"a":[38,58],"weighted":[39],"combination":[40],"MQDF":[42,82,126,141,176],"likelihoods":[43],"individual":[45],"Gaussians":[46],"GMM":[48],"(Gaussian":[49],"Mixture":[50],"Model).":[51],"(QDF)":[56],"multivariate":[59],"Gaussian":[60],"can":[61,120],"be":[62,121],"rewritten":[63],"avoiding":[65],"inverse":[67],"covariance":[69,111],"matrix":[70,112],"Eigen":[74,77,94,105,108],"values":[75,95,109],"and":[76,107,148,170],"vectors":[78,106],"it.":[80],"derived":[84],"from":[85],"QDF":[86],"substituting":[88],"few":[89],"badly":[91],"estimated":[92],"lower-most":[93],"appropriate":[98],"constant.":[99],"estimation":[101],"errors":[102],"non-dominant":[104],"which":[114],"training":[116,157],"data":[117],"insufficient":[119],"controlled":[122],"approach.":[125],"has":[127],"been":[128],"successfully":[129],"shown":[130],"to":[131],"improve":[132],"character":[134,167],"performance":[136],"[1].":[137],"usage":[139],"in":[142,173],"improves":[144],"computation,":[146],"storage":[147],"modeling":[149],"power":[150],"when":[153],"there":[154],"limited":[156],"data.":[158],"have":[160],"got":[161],"encouraging":[162],"results":[163],"on":[164],"handwritten":[166],"(NIST":[168],"database)":[169],"word":[171],"English":[174],"HMMs.":[177]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}