{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1980233687","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2052003","title":"Adaptive skin segmentation via feature-based face detection","display_name":"Adaptive skin segmentation via feature-based face detection","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-05-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1980233687","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2052003","mag":"1980233687"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1117/12.2052003","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2052003","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S183492911","display_name":"Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE","issn_l":"0277-786X","issn":["0277-786X","1996-756X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315543","host_organization_name":"SPIE","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315543"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SPIE"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SPIE Proceedings","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://pure.manchester.ac.uk/ws/files/32298373/FULL_TEXT.PDF","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056854907","display_name":"M. J. Taylor","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8718-3684"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28407311","display_name":"University of Manchester","ror":"https://ror.org/027m9bs27","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28407311"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Michael J. Taylor","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Univ. of Manchester (United Kingdom)","The University of Manchester; United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Univ. of Manchester (United Kingdom)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28407311"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Manchester; United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28407311"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083607188","display_name":"Tim Morris","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5334-4913"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28407311","display_name":"University of Manchester","ror":"https://ror.org/027m9bs27","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28407311"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tim Morris","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Univ. of Manchester (United Kingdom)","The University of Manchester; United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Univ. of Manchester (United Kingdom)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28407311"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Manchester; United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28407311"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5056854907"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28407311"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.483,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":23,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85051202,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"9139","issue":null,"first_page":"91390P","last_page":"91390P"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9927999973297119,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9927999973297119,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9926999807357788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9768000245094299,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.8037732839584351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.7362865209579468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.6793980598449707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6621972918510437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6211681962013245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.6198536157608032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.6159256100654602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face-detection","display_name":"Face detection","score":0.5510094165802002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/false-positive-paradox","display_name":"False positive paradox","score":0.5416186451911926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.5306436419487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-segmentation","display_name":"Image segmentation","score":0.4888734221458435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.4818185865879059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-vector","display_name":"Feature vector","score":0.4772217869758606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.44149357080459595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.2708912193775177}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.8037732839584351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.7362865209579468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.6793980598449707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6621972918510437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6211681962013245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.6198536157608032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.6159256100654602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4641261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11681085","display_name":"Face detection","level":4,"score":0.5510094165802002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64869954","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1859747","display_name":"False positive paradox","level":2,"score":0.5416186451911926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5306436419487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124504099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56933","display_name":"Image segmentation","level":3,"score":0.4888734221458435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.4818185865879059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83665646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42139305","display_name":"Feature vector","level":2,"score":0.4772217869758606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.44149357080459595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.2708912193775177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1117/12.2052003","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2052003","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S183492911","display_name":"Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE","issn_l":"0277-786X","issn":["0277-786X","1996-756X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315543","host_organization_name":"SPIE","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315543"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SPIE"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SPIE Proceedings","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:openaire_cris_publications/4000c3ea-889e-4634-8907-622f603f9e30","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.manchester.ac.uk/en/publications/4000c3ea-889e-4634-8907-622f603f9e30","pdf_url":"https://pure.manchester.ac.uk/ws/files/32298373/FULL_TEXT.PDF","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400662","display_name":"Research Explorer (The University of Manchester)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I28407311","host_organization_name":"University of Manchester","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28407311"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Taylor, M & Morris, T 2014, Adaptive skin segmentation via feature-based face detection. in Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering|Proc SPIE Int Soc Opt Eng. vol. 9139, SPIE, Real-Time Image and Video Processing 2014, Brussels, 1/07/14. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2052003","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:publications/4000c3ea-889e-4634-8907-622f603f9e30","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/adaptive-skin-segmentation-via-featurebased-face-detection(4000c3ea-889e-4634-8907-622f603f9e30).html","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400662","display_name":"Research Explorer (The University of Manchester)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I28407311","host_organization_name":"University of Manchester","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28407311"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":""}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:openaire_cris_publications/4000c3ea-889e-4634-8907-622f603f9e30","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.manchester.ac.uk/en/publications/4000c3ea-889e-4634-8907-622f603f9e30","pdf_url":"https://pure.manchester.ac.uk/ws/files/32298373/FULL_TEXT.PDF","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400662","display_name":"Research Explorer (The University of Manchester)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I28407311","host_organization_name":"University of Manchester","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28407311"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Taylor, M & Morris, T 2014, Adaptive skin segmentation via feature-based face detection. in Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering|Proc SPIE Int Soc Opt Eng. vol. 9139, SPIE, Real-Time Image and Video Processing 2014, Brussels, 1/07/14. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2052003","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1980233687.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1980233687.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W179623640","https://openalex.org/W1566856090","https://openalex.org/W1587328194","https://openalex.org/W1673002162","https://openalex.org/W1929963669","https://openalex.org/W1964721292","https://openalex.org/W1984064267","https://openalex.org/W2000761799","https://openalex.org/W2007067258","https://openalex.org/W2034058812","https://openalex.org/W2073105997","https://openalex.org/W2100648635","https://openalex.org/W2106075360","https://openalex.org/W2113264970","https://openalex.org/W2116570754","https://openalex.org/W2121936028","https://openalex.org/W2132050060","https://openalex.org/W2143937453","https://openalex.org/W2153746365","https://openalex.org/W2164115409","https://openalex.org/W2899580713","https://openalex.org/W3097096317","https://openalex.org/W3159534798","https://openalex.org/W6607307732","https://openalex.org/W6633873098","https://openalex.org/W6635131150","https://openalex.org/W6637398742","https://openalex.org/W6640211107","https://openalex.org/W6646181203","https://openalex.org/W6650509676","https://openalex.org/W6658935574","https://openalex.org/W6675146320","https://openalex.org/W6677026808","https://openalex.org/W6677077234","https://openalex.org/W6677860258","https://openalex.org/W6679533995","https://openalex.org/W6681341701","https://openalex.org/W6684376092","https://openalex.org/W6795269410","https://openalex.org/W7010512691"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1557094818","https://openalex.org/W2183246718","https://openalex.org/W2099261052","https://openalex.org/W3209204065","https://openalex.org/W2105707930","https://openalex.org/W1755711892","https://openalex.org/W2160907113","https://openalex.org/W2070813941","https://openalex.org/W2085033728","https://openalex.org/W2050762184"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Variations":[0],"in":[1,53,98,140,144,162,177],"illumination":[2],"can":[3,14,120,170,191,199],"have":[4,246],"significant":[5],"effects":[6],"on":[7,67],"the":[8,18,137,141,145,178,183,196,209,224,231],"apparent":[9],"colour":[10,41,139,148,157],"of":[11,20,38,80,116,153,165,195,220,233,239,261],"skin,":[12,197],"which":[13,244],"be":[15,86,121,172,192,200,249,257],"damaging":[16],"to":[17,27,58,85,93,101,135,174,208,236,248,256],"efficacy":[19],"any":[21,186],"colour-based":[22],"segmentation":[23],"approach.":[24],"We":[25],"attempt":[26,100],"overcome":[28],"this":[29,126,213],"issue":[30],"by":[31],"presenting":[32],"a":[33,48,54,78,114,131,151,163,205,218],"new":[34,228],"adaptive":[35],"approach,":[36],"capable":[37],"generating":[39],"skin":[40,88,138,190],"models":[42],"at":[43],"run-time.":[44],"Our":[45],"approach":[46,155],"adopts":[47],"Viola-Jones":[49],"feature-based":[50],"face":[51],"detector,":[52],"moderate-recall,":[55],"high-precision":[56],"configuration,":[57],"sample":[59],"faces":[60],"within":[61],"an":[62,65,99],"image,":[63,180],"with":[64,241],"emphasis":[66],"avoiding":[68],"potentially":[69],"detrimental":[70],"false":[71],"positives.":[72],"From":[73],"these":[74],"samples,":[75],"we":[76,119,129,215,245],"extract":[77],"set":[79,115],"pixels":[81,117],"that":[82,118,159,185],"are":[83],"likely":[84],"from":[87],"regions,":[89],"filter":[90],"them":[91],"according":[92],"their":[94],"relative":[95],"luma":[96],"values":[97],"eliminate":[102],"typical":[103],"non-skin":[104],"facial":[105],"features":[106],"(eyes,":[107],"mouths,":[108],"nostrils,":[109],"etc.),":[110],"and":[111,156,252],"hence":[112],"establish":[113],"confident":[122],"represent":[123],"skin.":[124],"Using":[125],"representative":[127],"set,":[128],"train":[130],"unimodal":[132],"Gaussian":[133],"function":[134,169],"model":[136],"given":[142,179,187],"image":[143],"normalised":[146],"rg":[147],"space":[149,158],"\u2013":[150],"combination":[152],"modelling":[154],"benefits":[160],"us":[161],"number":[164,219],"ways.":[166],"A":[167],"generated":[168],"subsequently":[171],"applied":[173],"every":[175],"pixel":[176,188],"and,":[181],"hence,":[182],"probability":[184],"represents":[189],"determined.":[193],"Segmentation":[194],"therefore,":[198],"as":[201,203,259],"simple":[202],"applying":[204],"binary":[206],"threshold":[207],"calculated":[210],"probabilities.":[211],"In":[212],"paper,":[214],"touch":[216],"upon":[217],"existing":[221],"approaches,":[222],"describe":[223],"methods":[225],"behind":[226],"our":[227],"system,":[229],"present":[230],"results":[232],"its":[234,254],"application":[235],"arbitrary":[237],"images":[238],"people":[240],"detectable":[242],"faces,":[243],"found":[247],"extremely":[250],"encouraging,":[251],"investigate":[253],"potential":[255],"used":[258],"part":[260],"real-time":[262],"systems.":[263]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-04-19T08:26:33.389920","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}